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What is the accessibility of a package's `Private` context variables?



The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InHow symbol lookup actually worksWhat are recommended guidelines for developing packages?How to properly handle mutual imports of multiple packages?How can Private functions be made completely opaque?Does one need to be careful about loading multiple (many) contexts or packages in the same session?WebServices context problemHow to pass rules to packagesA question regarding shadowed symbolsIs there any harm or benefit to Removing unneeded private symbols in packages?Information (??) of function defined in Package return the function with long name of variablesHow to resolve a context shadow problem (revised)










5












$begingroup$


I've been reading up on how Mathematica handles contexts, $Context, $ContextPath, and a few of the tutorials they have on Packages.



What I'm wondering about is how the functions defined in, say, CustomPackage` are able to access the variables in CustomPackage`Private`.



For example,



BeginPackage["CustomPackage`"]

MyFunction::usage = "MyFunction[arg1] adds 5 to arg1."

Begin["`Private`"]

abc=5;
MyFunction[arg1_] := arg1 + abc;

End[]
EndPackage[]


When I load the package <<CustomPackage` the $ContextPath will have CustomPackage` on it, but not CustomPackage`Private`



So how does MyFunction know the value of abc at the delayed function call (when it is called) if the Private` context isn't on the $ContextPath










share|improve this question











$endgroup$
















    5












    $begingroup$


    I've been reading up on how Mathematica handles contexts, $Context, $ContextPath, and a few of the tutorials they have on Packages.



    What I'm wondering about is how the functions defined in, say, CustomPackage` are able to access the variables in CustomPackage`Private`.



    For example,



    BeginPackage["CustomPackage`"]

    MyFunction::usage = "MyFunction[arg1] adds 5 to arg1."

    Begin["`Private`"]

    abc=5;
    MyFunction[arg1_] := arg1 + abc;

    End[]
    EndPackage[]


    When I load the package <<CustomPackage` the $ContextPath will have CustomPackage` on it, but not CustomPackage`Private`



    So how does MyFunction know the value of abc at the delayed function call (when it is called) if the Private` context isn't on the $ContextPath










    share|improve this question











    $endgroup$














      5












      5








      5





      $begingroup$


      I've been reading up on how Mathematica handles contexts, $Context, $ContextPath, and a few of the tutorials they have on Packages.



      What I'm wondering about is how the functions defined in, say, CustomPackage` are able to access the variables in CustomPackage`Private`.



      For example,



      BeginPackage["CustomPackage`"]

      MyFunction::usage = "MyFunction[arg1] adds 5 to arg1."

      Begin["`Private`"]

      abc=5;
      MyFunction[arg1_] := arg1 + abc;

      End[]
      EndPackage[]


      When I load the package <<CustomPackage` the $ContextPath will have CustomPackage` on it, but not CustomPackage`Private`



      So how does MyFunction know the value of abc at the delayed function call (when it is called) if the Private` context isn't on the $ContextPath










      share|improve this question











      $endgroup$




      I've been reading up on how Mathematica handles contexts, $Context, $ContextPath, and a few of the tutorials they have on Packages.



      What I'm wondering about is how the functions defined in, say, CustomPackage` are able to access the variables in CustomPackage`Private`.



      For example,



      BeginPackage["CustomPackage`"]

      MyFunction::usage = "MyFunction[arg1] adds 5 to arg1."

      Begin["`Private`"]

      abc=5;
      MyFunction[arg1_] := arg1 + abc;

      End[]
      EndPackage[]


      When I load the package <<CustomPackage` the $ContextPath will have CustomPackage` on it, but not CustomPackage`Private`



      So how does MyFunction know the value of abc at the delayed function call (when it is called) if the Private` context isn't on the $ContextPath







      packages core-language scoping contexts






      share|improve this question















      share|improve this question













      share|improve this question




      share|improve this question








      edited 3 hours ago









      m_goldberg

      88.5k873200




      88.5k873200










      asked 6 hours ago









      w1resw1res

      20314




      20314




















          3 Answers
          3






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          5












          $begingroup$


          So how does MyFunction know the value of abc at the delayed function call (when it is called) if the Private` context isn't on the $ContextPath




          There is a misunderstanding here. You are assuming that abc is searched for in some context only when MyFunction[something] is evaluated. This is not the case.



          $Context and $ContextPath only affect how source code is parsed (not how expressions are evaluated). In other words, they only affect how the text you write in the package file is interpreted and converted into in-memory expressions. Once the package has been loaded with Get, this interpretation has already happened. MyFunction has been interpreted as the symbol CustomPackage`MyFunction and abc has been interpreted as CustomPackage`Private`abc, according to the value of $Context and $ContextPath at the time each was read. These are the full names of these symbols and this is how they exist in memory.



          Load the package and try this:



          Block[$ContextPath,
          Print@Definition[MyFunction]
          ]


          You'll see the following printed:



          CustomPackage`MyFunction[CustomPackage`Private`arg1_] := 
          CustomPackage`Private`arg1+CustomPackage`Private`abc


          As you can see, a context is always associated with every symbol.






          share|improve this answer











          $endgroup$




















            4












            $begingroup$

            All symbols are created at load time, so when you do:



            BeginPackage["X`"];

            x::usage="Declaring x as an exported symbol in the X` context";

            Begin["`SomePrivateContext`"];

            x[a_]:=b

            End[];

            EndPackage[];


            x was created as X`x but the DownValues of x reference X`SomePrivateContext`a and X`SomePrivateContext`b which were created at the time the function was defined. These symbols are unique, so that reference only ever points that a single object.






            share|improve this answer









            $endgroup$




















              4












              $begingroup$

              Begin["`Private`"]; sets the current $Context to "CustomPackage `Private`". This causes two things:



              • The symbol abc will be searched in the current context first, thus in"CustomPackage`Private`". Only if it is not found there, the search goes on along $ContextPath.


              • If no matching symbol is found this way, a new symbol abc is created, namely in the current $Context which is "CustomPackage`Private`". So the full symbol name is "CustomPackage`Private`abc".


              For example, running your code in a fresh kernel and executing



              ??MyFunction


              reveals that the full definition of MyFunction is




              MyFunction[CustomPackage`Private`arg1_]:=CustomPackage`Private`arg1+CustomPackage`Private`abc




              Moreover, with



               ?*`abc


              you see that the only symbol in all contexts that matches abc is CustomPackage`Private`abc and has the value 5 assigned to it.






              share|improve this answer











              $endgroup$













                Your Answer





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                3 Answers
                3






                active

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                3 Answers
                3






                active

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                active

                oldest

                votes






                active

                oldest

                votes









                5












                $begingroup$


                So how does MyFunction know the value of abc at the delayed function call (when it is called) if the Private` context isn't on the $ContextPath




                There is a misunderstanding here. You are assuming that abc is searched for in some context only when MyFunction[something] is evaluated. This is not the case.



                $Context and $ContextPath only affect how source code is parsed (not how expressions are evaluated). In other words, they only affect how the text you write in the package file is interpreted and converted into in-memory expressions. Once the package has been loaded with Get, this interpretation has already happened. MyFunction has been interpreted as the symbol CustomPackage`MyFunction and abc has been interpreted as CustomPackage`Private`abc, according to the value of $Context and $ContextPath at the time each was read. These are the full names of these symbols and this is how they exist in memory.



                Load the package and try this:



                Block[$ContextPath,
                Print@Definition[MyFunction]
                ]


                You'll see the following printed:



                CustomPackage`MyFunction[CustomPackage`Private`arg1_] := 
                CustomPackage`Private`arg1+CustomPackage`Private`abc


                As you can see, a context is always associated with every symbol.






                share|improve this answer











                $endgroup$

















                  5












                  $begingroup$


                  So how does MyFunction know the value of abc at the delayed function call (when it is called) if the Private` context isn't on the $ContextPath




                  There is a misunderstanding here. You are assuming that abc is searched for in some context only when MyFunction[something] is evaluated. This is not the case.



                  $Context and $ContextPath only affect how source code is parsed (not how expressions are evaluated). In other words, they only affect how the text you write in the package file is interpreted and converted into in-memory expressions. Once the package has been loaded with Get, this interpretation has already happened. MyFunction has been interpreted as the symbol CustomPackage`MyFunction and abc has been interpreted as CustomPackage`Private`abc, according to the value of $Context and $ContextPath at the time each was read. These are the full names of these symbols and this is how they exist in memory.



                  Load the package and try this:



                  Block[$ContextPath,
                  Print@Definition[MyFunction]
                  ]


                  You'll see the following printed:



                  CustomPackage`MyFunction[CustomPackage`Private`arg1_] := 
                  CustomPackage`Private`arg1+CustomPackage`Private`abc


                  As you can see, a context is always associated with every symbol.






                  share|improve this answer











                  $endgroup$















                    5












                    5








                    5





                    $begingroup$


                    So how does MyFunction know the value of abc at the delayed function call (when it is called) if the Private` context isn't on the $ContextPath




                    There is a misunderstanding here. You are assuming that abc is searched for in some context only when MyFunction[something] is evaluated. This is not the case.



                    $Context and $ContextPath only affect how source code is parsed (not how expressions are evaluated). In other words, they only affect how the text you write in the package file is interpreted and converted into in-memory expressions. Once the package has been loaded with Get, this interpretation has already happened. MyFunction has been interpreted as the symbol CustomPackage`MyFunction and abc has been interpreted as CustomPackage`Private`abc, according to the value of $Context and $ContextPath at the time each was read. These are the full names of these symbols and this is how they exist in memory.



                    Load the package and try this:



                    Block[$ContextPath,
                    Print@Definition[MyFunction]
                    ]


                    You'll see the following printed:



                    CustomPackage`MyFunction[CustomPackage`Private`arg1_] := 
                    CustomPackage`Private`arg1+CustomPackage`Private`abc


                    As you can see, a context is always associated with every symbol.






                    share|improve this answer











                    $endgroup$




                    So how does MyFunction know the value of abc at the delayed function call (when it is called) if the Private` context isn't on the $ContextPath




                    There is a misunderstanding here. You are assuming that abc is searched for in some context only when MyFunction[something] is evaluated. This is not the case.



                    $Context and $ContextPath only affect how source code is parsed (not how expressions are evaluated). In other words, they only affect how the text you write in the package file is interpreted and converted into in-memory expressions. Once the package has been loaded with Get, this interpretation has already happened. MyFunction has been interpreted as the symbol CustomPackage`MyFunction and abc has been interpreted as CustomPackage`Private`abc, according to the value of $Context and $ContextPath at the time each was read. These are the full names of these symbols and this is how they exist in memory.



                    Load the package and try this:



                    Block[$ContextPath,
                    Print@Definition[MyFunction]
                    ]


                    You'll see the following printed:



                    CustomPackage`MyFunction[CustomPackage`Private`arg1_] := 
                    CustomPackage`Private`arg1+CustomPackage`Private`abc


                    As you can see, a context is always associated with every symbol.







                    share|improve this answer














                    share|improve this answer



                    share|improve this answer








                    edited 5 hours ago

























                    answered 6 hours ago









                    SzabolcsSzabolcs

                    164k14448946




                    164k14448946





















                        4












                        $begingroup$

                        All symbols are created at load time, so when you do:



                        BeginPackage["X`"];

                        x::usage="Declaring x as an exported symbol in the X` context";

                        Begin["`SomePrivateContext`"];

                        x[a_]:=b

                        End[];

                        EndPackage[];


                        x was created as X`x but the DownValues of x reference X`SomePrivateContext`a and X`SomePrivateContext`b which were created at the time the function was defined. These symbols are unique, so that reference only ever points that a single object.






                        share|improve this answer









                        $endgroup$

















                          4












                          $begingroup$

                          All symbols are created at load time, so when you do:



                          BeginPackage["X`"];

                          x::usage="Declaring x as an exported symbol in the X` context";

                          Begin["`SomePrivateContext`"];

                          x[a_]:=b

                          End[];

                          EndPackage[];


                          x was created as X`x but the DownValues of x reference X`SomePrivateContext`a and X`SomePrivateContext`b which were created at the time the function was defined. These symbols are unique, so that reference only ever points that a single object.






                          share|improve this answer









                          $endgroup$















                            4












                            4








                            4





                            $begingroup$

                            All symbols are created at load time, so when you do:



                            BeginPackage["X`"];

                            x::usage="Declaring x as an exported symbol in the X` context";

                            Begin["`SomePrivateContext`"];

                            x[a_]:=b

                            End[];

                            EndPackage[];


                            x was created as X`x but the DownValues of x reference X`SomePrivateContext`a and X`SomePrivateContext`b which were created at the time the function was defined. These symbols are unique, so that reference only ever points that a single object.






                            share|improve this answer









                            $endgroup$



                            All symbols are created at load time, so when you do:



                            BeginPackage["X`"];

                            x::usage="Declaring x as an exported symbol in the X` context";

                            Begin["`SomePrivateContext`"];

                            x[a_]:=b

                            End[];

                            EndPackage[];


                            x was created as X`x but the DownValues of x reference X`SomePrivateContext`a and X`SomePrivateContext`b which were created at the time the function was defined. These symbols are unique, so that reference only ever points that a single object.







                            share|improve this answer












                            share|improve this answer



                            share|improve this answer










                            answered 6 hours ago









                            b3m2a1b3m2a1

                            28.6k359165




                            28.6k359165





















                                4












                                $begingroup$

                                Begin["`Private`"]; sets the current $Context to "CustomPackage `Private`". This causes two things:



                                • The symbol abc will be searched in the current context first, thus in"CustomPackage`Private`". Only if it is not found there, the search goes on along $ContextPath.


                                • If no matching symbol is found this way, a new symbol abc is created, namely in the current $Context which is "CustomPackage`Private`". So the full symbol name is "CustomPackage`Private`abc".


                                For example, running your code in a fresh kernel and executing



                                ??MyFunction


                                reveals that the full definition of MyFunction is




                                MyFunction[CustomPackage`Private`arg1_]:=CustomPackage`Private`arg1+CustomPackage`Private`abc




                                Moreover, with



                                 ?*`abc


                                you see that the only symbol in all contexts that matches abc is CustomPackage`Private`abc and has the value 5 assigned to it.






                                share|improve this answer











                                $endgroup$

















                                  4












                                  $begingroup$

                                  Begin["`Private`"]; sets the current $Context to "CustomPackage `Private`". This causes two things:



                                  • The symbol abc will be searched in the current context first, thus in"CustomPackage`Private`". Only if it is not found there, the search goes on along $ContextPath.


                                  • If no matching symbol is found this way, a new symbol abc is created, namely in the current $Context which is "CustomPackage`Private`". So the full symbol name is "CustomPackage`Private`abc".


                                  For example, running your code in a fresh kernel and executing



                                  ??MyFunction


                                  reveals that the full definition of MyFunction is




                                  MyFunction[CustomPackage`Private`arg1_]:=CustomPackage`Private`arg1+CustomPackage`Private`abc




                                  Moreover, with



                                   ?*`abc


                                  you see that the only symbol in all contexts that matches abc is CustomPackage`Private`abc and has the value 5 assigned to it.






                                  share|improve this answer











                                  $endgroup$















                                    4












                                    4








                                    4





                                    $begingroup$

                                    Begin["`Private`"]; sets the current $Context to "CustomPackage `Private`". This causes two things:



                                    • The symbol abc will be searched in the current context first, thus in"CustomPackage`Private`". Only if it is not found there, the search goes on along $ContextPath.


                                    • If no matching symbol is found this way, a new symbol abc is created, namely in the current $Context which is "CustomPackage`Private`". So the full symbol name is "CustomPackage`Private`abc".


                                    For example, running your code in a fresh kernel and executing



                                    ??MyFunction


                                    reveals that the full definition of MyFunction is




                                    MyFunction[CustomPackage`Private`arg1_]:=CustomPackage`Private`arg1+CustomPackage`Private`abc




                                    Moreover, with



                                     ?*`abc


                                    you see that the only symbol in all contexts that matches abc is CustomPackage`Private`abc and has the value 5 assigned to it.






                                    share|improve this answer











                                    $endgroup$



                                    Begin["`Private`"]; sets the current $Context to "CustomPackage `Private`". This causes two things:



                                    • The symbol abc will be searched in the current context first, thus in"CustomPackage`Private`". Only if it is not found there, the search goes on along $ContextPath.


                                    • If no matching symbol is found this way, a new symbol abc is created, namely in the current $Context which is "CustomPackage`Private`". So the full symbol name is "CustomPackage`Private`abc".


                                    For example, running your code in a fresh kernel and executing



                                    ??MyFunction


                                    reveals that the full definition of MyFunction is




                                    MyFunction[CustomPackage`Private`arg1_]:=CustomPackage`Private`arg1+CustomPackage`Private`abc




                                    Moreover, with



                                     ?*`abc


                                    you see that the only symbol in all contexts that matches abc is CustomPackage`Private`abc and has the value 5 assigned to it.







                                    share|improve this answer














                                    share|improve this answer



                                    share|improve this answer








                                    edited 6 hours ago

























                                    answered 6 hours ago









                                    Henrik SchumacherHenrik Schumacher

                                    59.7k582166




                                    59.7k582166



























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                                        Беларусь Змест Назва Гісторыя Геаграфія Сімволіка Дзяржаўны лад Палітычныя партыі Міжнароднае становішча і знешняя палітыка Адміністрацыйны падзел Насельніцтва Эканоміка Культура і грамадства Сацыяльная сфера Узброеныя сілы Заўвагі Літаратура Спасылкі НавігацыяHGЯOiТоп-2011 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2013 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2016 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2017 г. (па версіі ej.by)Нацыянальны статыстычны камітэт Рэспублікі БеларусьШчыльнасць насельніцтва па краінахhttp://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/А. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Спробы засялення краю неандэртальскім чалавекам.І ў Менску былі мамантыА. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Старажытны каменны век (палеаліт). Першапачатковае засяленне тэрыторыіГ. Штыхаў. Балты і славяне ў VI—VIII стст.М. Клімаў. Полацкае княства ў IX—XI стст.Г. Штыхаў, В. Ляўко. Палітычная гісторыя Полацкай зямліГ. Штыхаў. Дзяржаўны лад у землях-княствахГ. Штыхаў. Дзяржаўны лад у землях-княствахБеларускія землі ў складзе Вялікага Княства ЛітоўскагаЛюблінская унія 1569 г."The Early Stages of Independence"Zapomniane prawdy25 гадоў таму было аб'яўлена, што Язэп Пілсудскі — беларус (фота)Наша вадаДакументы ЧАЭС: Забруджванне тэрыторыі Беларусі « ЧАЭС Зона адчужэнняСведения о политических партиях, зарегистрированных в Республике Беларусь // Министерство юстиции Республики БеларусьСтатыстычны бюлетэнь „Полаўзроставая структура насельніцтва Рэспублікі Беларусь на 1 студзеня 2012 года і сярэднегадовая колькасць насельніцтва за 2011 год“Индекс человеческого развития Беларуси — не было бы нижеБеларусь занимает первое место в СНГ по индексу развития с учетом гендерного факцёраНацыянальны статыстычны камітэт Рэспублікі БеларусьКанстытуцыя РБ. Артыкул 17Трансфармацыйныя задачы БеларусіВыйсце з крызісу — далейшае рэфармаванне Беларускі рубель — сусветны лідар па дэвальвацыяхПра змену коштаў у кастрычніку 2011 г.Бядней за беларусаў у СНД толькі таджыкіСярэдні заробак у верасні дасягнуў 2,26 мільёна рублёўЭканомікаГаласуем за ТОП-100 беларускай прозыСучасныя беларускія мастакіАрхитектура Беларуси BELARUS.BYА. Каханоўскі. Культура Беларусі ўсярэдзіне XVII—XVIII ст.Анталогія беларускай народнай песні, гуказапісы спеваўБеларускія Музычныя IнструментыБеларускі рок, які мы страцілі. Топ-10 гуртоў«Мясцовы час» — нязгаслая легенда беларускай рок-музыкіСЯРГЕЙ БУДКІН. МЫ НЯ ЗНАЕМ СВАЁЙ МУЗЫКІМ. А. Каладзінскі. НАРОДНЫ ТЭАТРМагнацкія культурныя цэнтрыПублічная дыскусія «Беларуская новая пьеса: без беларускай мовы ці беларуская?»Беларускія драматургі па-ранейшаму лепш ставяцца за мяжой, чым на радзіме«Працэс незалежнага кіно пайшоў, і дзяржаву турбуе яго непадкантрольнасць»Беларускія філосафы ў пошуках прасторыВсе идём в библиотекуАрхіваванаАб Нацыянальнай праграме даследавання і выкарыстання касмічнай прасторы ў мірных мэтах на 2008—2012 гадыУ космас — разам.У суседнім з Барысаўскім раёне пабудуюць Камандна-вымяральны пунктСвяты і абрады беларусаў«Мірныя бульбашы з малой краіны» — 5 непраўдзівых стэрэатыпаў пра БеларусьМ. Раманюк. Беларускае народнае адзеннеУ Беларусі скарачаецца колькасць злачынстваўЛукашэнка незадаволены мінскімі ўладамі Крадзяжы складаюць у Мінску каля 70% злачынстваў Узровень злачыннасці ў Мінскай вобласці — адзін з самых высокіх у краіне Генпракуратура аналізуе стан са злачыннасцю ў Беларусі па каэфіцыенце злачыннасці У Беларусі стабілізавалася крымінагеннае становішча, лічыць генпракурорЗамежнікі сталі здзяйсняць у Беларусі больш злачынстваўМУС Беларусі турбуе рост рэцыдыўнай злачыннасціЯ з ЖЭСа. Дазволіце вас абкрасці! Рэйтынг усіх службаў і падраздзяленняў ГУУС Мінгарвыканкама вырасАб КДБ РБГісторыя Аператыўна-аналітычнага цэнтра РБГісторыя ДКФРТаможняagentura.ruБеларусьBelarus.by — Афіцыйны сайт Рэспублікі БеларусьСайт урада БеларусіRadzima.org — Збор архітэктурных помнікаў, гісторыя Беларусі«Глобус Беларуси»Гербы и флаги БеларусиАсаблівасці каменнага веку на БеларусіА. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Старажытны каменны век (палеаліт). Першапачатковае засяленне тэрыторыіУ. Ксяндзоў. Сярэдні каменны век (мезаліт). Засяленне краю плямёнамі паляўнічых, рыбакоў і збіральнікаўА. Калечыц, М. Чарняўскі. Плямёны на тэрыторыі Беларусі ў новым каменным веку (неаліце)А. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў, М. Чарняўскі. Гаспадарчыя заняткі ў каменным векуЭ. Зайкоўскі. Духоўная культура ў каменным векуАсаблівасці бронзавага веку на БеларусіФарміраванне супольнасцей ранняга перыяду бронзавага векуФотографии БеларусиРоля беларускіх зямель ва ўтварэнні і ўмацаванні ВКЛВ. Фадзеева. З гісторыі развіцця беларускай народнай вышыўкіDMOZGran catalanaБольшая российскаяBritannica (анлайн)Швейцарскі гістарычны15325917611952699xDA123282154079143-90000 0001 2171 2080n9112870100577502ge128882171858027501086026362074122714179пппппп

                                        ValueError: Expected n_neighbors <= n_samples, but n_samples = 1, n_neighbors = 6 (SMOTE) The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InCan SMOTE be applied over sequence of words (sentences)?ValueError when doing validation with random forestsSMOTE and multi class oversamplingLogic behind SMOTE-NC?ValueError: Error when checking target: expected dense_1 to have shape (7,) but got array with shape (1,)SmoteBoost: Should SMOTE be ran individually for each iteration/tree in the boosting?solving multi-class imbalance classification using smote and OSSUsing SMOTE for Synthetic Data generation to improve performance on unbalanced dataproblem of entry format for a simple model in KerasSVM SMOTE fit_resample() function runs forever with no result