Why could you hear an Amstrad CPC working? The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InIs it possible to use an Amstrad CPC464 with a modern monitor or TVMemory sharing mechanism in the Amstrad CPC computerWhy CPC464 display is less stable while reading from cassette?Amstrad CPC 464 tape deck loads, but makes grinding scratching noisecbm prg studio for the AmstradCommon practices of programming the AY-3-8910 on Amstrad CPC: via Firmware routines or directly?

How can I fix this gap between bookcases I made?

What is this 4-propeller plane?

Is it possible to achieve a negative score?

Extreme, unacceptable situation and I can't attend work tomorrow morning

What tool would a Roman-age civilization have to grind silver and other metals into dust?

Can't find the latex code for the ⍎ (down tack jot) symbol

Where to refill my bottle in India?

What is the steepest angle that a canal can be traversable without locks?

I looked up a future colleague on LinkedIn before I started a job. I told my colleague about it and he seemed surprised. Should I apologize?

What is the motivation for a law requiring 2 parties to consent for recording a conversation

Realistic Alternatives to Dust: What Else Could Feed a Plankton Bloom?

Does light intensity oscillate really fast since it is a wave?

Access elements in std::string where positon of string is greater than its size

Is there a name of the flying bionic bird?

Inline version of a function returns different value than non-inline version

Limit to 0 ambiguity

Patience, young "Padovan"

In microwave frequencies, do you use a circulator when you need a (near) perfect diode?

How to make payment on the internet without leaving a money trail?

Which Sci-Fi work first showed weapon of galactic-scale mass destruction?

Why isn't airport relocation done gradually?

Why can Shazam do this?

What do hard-Brexiteers want with respect to the Irish border?

What spell level should this homebrew After-Image spell be?



Why could you hear an Amstrad CPC working?



The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InIs it possible to use an Amstrad CPC464 with a modern monitor or TVMemory sharing mechanism in the Amstrad CPC computerWhy CPC464 display is less stable while reading from cassette?Amstrad CPC 464 tape deck loads, but makes grinding scratching noisecbm prg studio for the AmstradCommon practices of programming the AY-3-8910 on Amstrad CPC: via Firmware routines or directly?










5















I had my first programming experience in the late 80s / early 90s on a Schneider (Amstrad) CPC 464 in Basic.



I remember that when a program was running, depending on the current workload of the processor you could hear a faint buzzing sound from the integrated speakers.



Especially when an empty for loop was running (like for i = 1 to 500 : next) which was regularly used to get short waiting times (as there was no sleep command IIRC), you could hear this buzzing which gradually changed its frequency during the loop.



My question is: Was this a feature (as an audible feedback that the computer was working) or a consequence from insufficient decoupling of circuits?










share|improve this question







New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.















  • 1





    True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

    – void_ptr
    7 hours ago






  • 1





    @void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

    – forest
    6 hours ago












  • @void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

    – Bob Jarvis
    3 hours ago















5















I had my first programming experience in the late 80s / early 90s on a Schneider (Amstrad) CPC 464 in Basic.



I remember that when a program was running, depending on the current workload of the processor you could hear a faint buzzing sound from the integrated speakers.



Especially when an empty for loop was running (like for i = 1 to 500 : next) which was regularly used to get short waiting times (as there was no sleep command IIRC), you could hear this buzzing which gradually changed its frequency during the loop.



My question is: Was this a feature (as an audible feedback that the computer was working) or a consequence from insufficient decoupling of circuits?










share|improve this question







New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.















  • 1





    True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

    – void_ptr
    7 hours ago






  • 1





    @void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

    – forest
    6 hours ago












  • @void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

    – Bob Jarvis
    3 hours ago













5












5








5








I had my first programming experience in the late 80s / early 90s on a Schneider (Amstrad) CPC 464 in Basic.



I remember that when a program was running, depending on the current workload of the processor you could hear a faint buzzing sound from the integrated speakers.



Especially when an empty for loop was running (like for i = 1 to 500 : next) which was regularly used to get short waiting times (as there was no sleep command IIRC), you could hear this buzzing which gradually changed its frequency during the loop.



My question is: Was this a feature (as an audible feedback that the computer was working) or a consequence from insufficient decoupling of circuits?










share|improve this question







New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.












I had my first programming experience in the late 80s / early 90s on a Schneider (Amstrad) CPC 464 in Basic.



I remember that when a program was running, depending on the current workload of the processor you could hear a faint buzzing sound from the integrated speakers.



Especially when an empty for loop was running (like for i = 1 to 500 : next) which was regularly used to get short waiting times (as there was no sleep command IIRC), you could hear this buzzing which gradually changed its frequency during the loop.



My question is: Was this a feature (as an audible feedback that the computer was working) or a consequence from insufficient decoupling of circuits?







cpc464






share|improve this question







New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











share|improve this question







New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









share|improve this question




share|improve this question






New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









asked 15 hours ago









elzellelzell

1283




1283




New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.





New contributor





elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







  • 1





    True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

    – void_ptr
    7 hours ago






  • 1





    @void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

    – forest
    6 hours ago












  • @void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

    – Bob Jarvis
    3 hours ago












  • 1





    True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

    – void_ptr
    7 hours ago






  • 1





    @void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

    – forest
    6 hours ago












  • @void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

    – Bob Jarvis
    3 hours ago







1




1





True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

– void_ptr
7 hours ago





True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

– void_ptr
7 hours ago




1




1





@void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

– forest
6 hours ago






@void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

– forest
6 hours ago














@void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

– Bob Jarvis
3 hours ago





@void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

– Bob Jarvis
3 hours ago










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















8














There seems to be a slight misunderstanding: The CPU in a computer is (almost) never doing nothing (excluding power save states which was largely unknown at times the Amstrad was en vogue). So there's no such thing as "workload of a processor" going up or down - The CPU in an Amstrad is constantly running at 4 MHz, constantly under the same workload. If there's nothing do do, like executing a BASIC program), the CPU is, well, busy idling around at the same speed with the same "workload".



What you possibly can hear, however, is the CPU repeatedly doing the same thing, like operating in tight loops that can, through electrical or mechanical interference (with the monitor or audio signal, for example), create audible frequencies that you may hear. That was definitely not an intended feature.



Operators of mainframes sometimes could hear whether their machines were running properly (or had crashed) by listening to the interference noise they produced, sometimes even tried to amplify the noise. (See this book, page 161ff)



You were experiencing some similar effect.



Today, the sound of historic computers operating can even be marketed as art.






share|improve this answer




















  • 3





    ...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

    – Solomon Slow
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    "Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

    – Mark
    9 hours ago












  • Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

    – tofro
    8 hours ago







  • 1





    Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

    – Matthew Barber
    7 hours ago











Your Answer








StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "648"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);

else
createEditor();

);

function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);



);






elzell is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









draft saved

draft discarded


















StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fretrocomputing.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f9634%2fwhy-could-you-hear-an-amstrad-cpc-working%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown

























1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









8














There seems to be a slight misunderstanding: The CPU in a computer is (almost) never doing nothing (excluding power save states which was largely unknown at times the Amstrad was en vogue). So there's no such thing as "workload of a processor" going up or down - The CPU in an Amstrad is constantly running at 4 MHz, constantly under the same workload. If there's nothing do do, like executing a BASIC program), the CPU is, well, busy idling around at the same speed with the same "workload".



What you possibly can hear, however, is the CPU repeatedly doing the same thing, like operating in tight loops that can, through electrical or mechanical interference (with the monitor or audio signal, for example), create audible frequencies that you may hear. That was definitely not an intended feature.



Operators of mainframes sometimes could hear whether their machines were running properly (or had crashed) by listening to the interference noise they produced, sometimes even tried to amplify the noise. (See this book, page 161ff)



You were experiencing some similar effect.



Today, the sound of historic computers operating can even be marketed as art.






share|improve this answer




















  • 3





    ...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

    – Solomon Slow
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    "Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

    – Mark
    9 hours ago












  • Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

    – tofro
    8 hours ago







  • 1





    Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

    – Matthew Barber
    7 hours ago















8














There seems to be a slight misunderstanding: The CPU in a computer is (almost) never doing nothing (excluding power save states which was largely unknown at times the Amstrad was en vogue). So there's no such thing as "workload of a processor" going up or down - The CPU in an Amstrad is constantly running at 4 MHz, constantly under the same workload. If there's nothing do do, like executing a BASIC program), the CPU is, well, busy idling around at the same speed with the same "workload".



What you possibly can hear, however, is the CPU repeatedly doing the same thing, like operating in tight loops that can, through electrical or mechanical interference (with the monitor or audio signal, for example), create audible frequencies that you may hear. That was definitely not an intended feature.



Operators of mainframes sometimes could hear whether their machines were running properly (or had crashed) by listening to the interference noise they produced, sometimes even tried to amplify the noise. (See this book, page 161ff)



You were experiencing some similar effect.



Today, the sound of historic computers operating can even be marketed as art.






share|improve this answer




















  • 3





    ...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

    – Solomon Slow
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    "Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

    – Mark
    9 hours ago












  • Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

    – tofro
    8 hours ago







  • 1





    Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

    – Matthew Barber
    7 hours ago













8












8








8







There seems to be a slight misunderstanding: The CPU in a computer is (almost) never doing nothing (excluding power save states which was largely unknown at times the Amstrad was en vogue). So there's no such thing as "workload of a processor" going up or down - The CPU in an Amstrad is constantly running at 4 MHz, constantly under the same workload. If there's nothing do do, like executing a BASIC program), the CPU is, well, busy idling around at the same speed with the same "workload".



What you possibly can hear, however, is the CPU repeatedly doing the same thing, like operating in tight loops that can, through electrical or mechanical interference (with the monitor or audio signal, for example), create audible frequencies that you may hear. That was definitely not an intended feature.



Operators of mainframes sometimes could hear whether their machines were running properly (or had crashed) by listening to the interference noise they produced, sometimes even tried to amplify the noise. (See this book, page 161ff)



You were experiencing some similar effect.



Today, the sound of historic computers operating can even be marketed as art.






share|improve this answer















There seems to be a slight misunderstanding: The CPU in a computer is (almost) never doing nothing (excluding power save states which was largely unknown at times the Amstrad was en vogue). So there's no such thing as "workload of a processor" going up or down - The CPU in an Amstrad is constantly running at 4 MHz, constantly under the same workload. If there's nothing do do, like executing a BASIC program), the CPU is, well, busy idling around at the same speed with the same "workload".



What you possibly can hear, however, is the CPU repeatedly doing the same thing, like operating in tight loops that can, through electrical or mechanical interference (with the monitor or audio signal, for example), create audible frequencies that you may hear. That was definitely not an intended feature.



Operators of mainframes sometimes could hear whether their machines were running properly (or had crashed) by listening to the interference noise they produced, sometimes even tried to amplify the noise. (See this book, page 161ff)



You were experiencing some similar effect.



Today, the sound of historic computers operating can even be marketed as art.







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited 12 hours ago

























answered 13 hours ago









tofrotofro

16.6k33493




16.6k33493







  • 3





    ...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

    – Solomon Slow
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    "Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

    – Mark
    9 hours ago












  • Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

    – tofro
    8 hours ago







  • 1





    Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

    – Matthew Barber
    7 hours ago












  • 3





    ...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

    – Solomon Slow
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    "Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

    – Mark
    9 hours ago












  • Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

    – tofro
    8 hours ago







  • 1





    Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

    – Matthew Barber
    7 hours ago







3




3





...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

– Solomon Slow
10 hours ago





...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

– Solomon Slow
10 hours ago




1




1





"Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

– Mark
9 hours ago






"Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

– Mark
9 hours ago














Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

– tofro
8 hours ago






Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

– tofro
8 hours ago





1




1





Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

– Matthew Barber
7 hours ago





Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

– Matthew Barber
7 hours ago










elzell is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









draft saved

draft discarded


















elzell is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.












elzell is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.











elzell is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.














Thanks for contributing an answer to Retrocomputing Stack Exchange!


  • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

But avoid


  • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

  • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




draft saved


draft discarded














StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fretrocomputing.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f9634%2fwhy-could-you-hear-an-amstrad-cpc-working%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown





















































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown

































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown







Popular posts from this blog

Францішак Багушэвіч Змест Сям'я | Біяграфія | Творчасць | Мова Багушэвіча | Ацэнкі дзейнасці | Цікавыя факты | Спадчына | Выбраная бібліяграфія | Ушанаванне памяці | У філатэліі | Зноскі | Літаратура | Спасылкі | НавігацыяЛяхоўскі У. Рупіўся дзеля Бога і людзей: Жыццёвы шлях Лявона Вітан-Дубейкаўскага // Вольскі і Памідораў з песняй пра немца Адвакат, паэт, народны заступнік Ашмянскі веснікВ Минске появится площадь Богушевича и улица Сырокомли, Белорусская деловая газета, 19 июля 2001 г.Айцец беларускай нацыянальнай ідэі паўстаў у бронзе Сяргей Аляксандравіч Адашкевіч (1918, Мінск). 80-я гады. Бюст «Францішак Багушэвіч».Яўген Мікалаевіч Ціхановіч. «Партрэт Францішка Багушэвіча»Мікола Мікалаевіч Купава. «Партрэт зачынальніка новай беларускай літаратуры Францішка Багушэвіча»Уладзімір Іванавіч Мелехаў. На помніку «Змагарам за родную мову» Барэльеф «Францішак Багушэвіч»Памяць пра Багушэвіча на Віленшчыне Страчаная сталіца. Беларускія шыльды на вуліцах Вільні«Krynica». Ideologia i przywódcy białoruskiego katolicyzmuФранцішак БагушэвічТворы на knihi.comТворы Францішка Багушэвіча на bellib.byСодаль Уладзімір. Францішак Багушэвіч на Лідчыне;Луцкевіч Антон. Жыцьцё і творчасьць Фр. Багушэвіча ў успамінах ягоных сучасьнікаў // Запісы Беларускага Навуковага таварыства. Вільня, 1938. Сшытак 1. С. 16-34.Большая российская1188761710000 0000 5537 633Xn9209310021619551927869394п

Partai Komunis Tiongkok Daftar isi Kepemimpinan | Pranala luar | Referensi | Menu navigasidiperiksa1 perubahan tertundacpc.people.com.cnSitus resmiSurat kabar resmi"Why the Communist Party is alive, well and flourishing in China"0307-1235"Full text of Constitution of Communist Party of China"smengembangkannyas

ValueError: Expected n_neighbors <= n_samples, but n_samples = 1, n_neighbors = 6 (SMOTE) The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InCan SMOTE be applied over sequence of words (sentences)?ValueError when doing validation with random forestsSMOTE and multi class oversamplingLogic behind SMOTE-NC?ValueError: Error when checking target: expected dense_1 to have shape (7,) but got array with shape (1,)SmoteBoost: Should SMOTE be ran individually for each iteration/tree in the boosting?solving multi-class imbalance classification using smote and OSSUsing SMOTE for Synthetic Data generation to improve performance on unbalanced dataproblem of entry format for a simple model in KerasSVM SMOTE fit_resample() function runs forever with no result