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Why could you hear an Amstrad CPC working?



The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InIs it possible to use an Amstrad CPC464 with a modern monitor or TVMemory sharing mechanism in the Amstrad CPC computerWhy CPC464 display is less stable while reading from cassette?Amstrad CPC 464 tape deck loads, but makes grinding scratching noisecbm prg studio for the AmstradCommon practices of programming the AY-3-8910 on Amstrad CPC: via Firmware routines or directly?










5















I had my first programming experience in the late 80s / early 90s on a Schneider (Amstrad) CPC 464 in Basic.



I remember that when a program was running, depending on the current workload of the processor you could hear a faint buzzing sound from the integrated speakers.



Especially when an empty for loop was running (like for i = 1 to 500 : next) which was regularly used to get short waiting times (as there was no sleep command IIRC), you could hear this buzzing which gradually changed its frequency during the loop.



My question is: Was this a feature (as an audible feedback that the computer was working) or a consequence from insufficient decoupling of circuits?










share|improve this question







New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.















  • 1





    True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

    – void_ptr
    7 hours ago






  • 1





    @void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

    – forest
    6 hours ago












  • @void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

    – Bob Jarvis
    3 hours ago















5















I had my first programming experience in the late 80s / early 90s on a Schneider (Amstrad) CPC 464 in Basic.



I remember that when a program was running, depending on the current workload of the processor you could hear a faint buzzing sound from the integrated speakers.



Especially when an empty for loop was running (like for i = 1 to 500 : next) which was regularly used to get short waiting times (as there was no sleep command IIRC), you could hear this buzzing which gradually changed its frequency during the loop.



My question is: Was this a feature (as an audible feedback that the computer was working) or a consequence from insufficient decoupling of circuits?










share|improve this question







New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.















  • 1





    True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

    – void_ptr
    7 hours ago






  • 1





    @void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

    – forest
    6 hours ago












  • @void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

    – Bob Jarvis
    3 hours ago













5












5








5








I had my first programming experience in the late 80s / early 90s on a Schneider (Amstrad) CPC 464 in Basic.



I remember that when a program was running, depending on the current workload of the processor you could hear a faint buzzing sound from the integrated speakers.



Especially when an empty for loop was running (like for i = 1 to 500 : next) which was regularly used to get short waiting times (as there was no sleep command IIRC), you could hear this buzzing which gradually changed its frequency during the loop.



My question is: Was this a feature (as an audible feedback that the computer was working) or a consequence from insufficient decoupling of circuits?










share|improve this question







New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.












I had my first programming experience in the late 80s / early 90s on a Schneider (Amstrad) CPC 464 in Basic.



I remember that when a program was running, depending on the current workload of the processor you could hear a faint buzzing sound from the integrated speakers.



Especially when an empty for loop was running (like for i = 1 to 500 : next) which was regularly used to get short waiting times (as there was no sleep command IIRC), you could hear this buzzing which gradually changed its frequency during the loop.



My question is: Was this a feature (as an audible feedback that the computer was working) or a consequence from insufficient decoupling of circuits?







cpc464






share|improve this question







New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











share|improve this question







New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









share|improve this question




share|improve this question






New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









asked 15 hours ago









elzellelzell

1283




1283




New contributor




elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.





New contributor





elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






elzell is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







  • 1





    True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

    – void_ptr
    7 hours ago






  • 1





    @void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

    – forest
    6 hours ago












  • @void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

    – Bob Jarvis
    3 hours ago












  • 1





    True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

    – void_ptr
    7 hours ago






  • 1





    @void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

    – forest
    6 hours ago












  • @void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

    – Bob Jarvis
    3 hours ago







1




1





True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

– void_ptr
7 hours ago





True story, I was writing some 3D graphics code on Sinclair PC200, and could hear the loop skipping triangles or processing them. That guided my optimization efforts for a more efficient hash.

– void_ptr
7 hours ago




1




1





@void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

– forest
6 hours ago






@void_ptr On my (comparatively) modern laptop, I can tell the difference between scrolling up and down on a page, creating a tarball vs creating a compressed tarball, and encrypting with AES128 vs AES256, entirely by the sound it makes. From an information security perspective, this is a nightmare...

– forest
6 hours ago














@void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

– Bob Jarvis
3 hours ago





@void_ptr - the real trick is to be able to smell the triangles. :-)

– Bob Jarvis
3 hours ago










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















8














There seems to be a slight misunderstanding: The CPU in a computer is (almost) never doing nothing (excluding power save states which was largely unknown at times the Amstrad was en vogue). So there's no such thing as "workload of a processor" going up or down - The CPU in an Amstrad is constantly running at 4 MHz, constantly under the same workload. If there's nothing do do, like executing a BASIC program), the CPU is, well, busy idling around at the same speed with the same "workload".



What you possibly can hear, however, is the CPU repeatedly doing the same thing, like operating in tight loops that can, through electrical or mechanical interference (with the monitor or audio signal, for example), create audible frequencies that you may hear. That was definitely not an intended feature.



Operators of mainframes sometimes could hear whether their machines were running properly (or had crashed) by listening to the interference noise they produced, sometimes even tried to amplify the noise. (See this book, page 161ff)



You were experiencing some similar effect.



Today, the sound of historic computers operating can even be marketed as art.






share|improve this answer




















  • 3





    ...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

    – Solomon Slow
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    "Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

    – Mark
    9 hours ago












  • Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

    – tofro
    8 hours ago







  • 1





    Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

    – Matthew Barber
    7 hours ago











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1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









8














There seems to be a slight misunderstanding: The CPU in a computer is (almost) never doing nothing (excluding power save states which was largely unknown at times the Amstrad was en vogue). So there's no such thing as "workload of a processor" going up or down - The CPU in an Amstrad is constantly running at 4 MHz, constantly under the same workload. If there's nothing do do, like executing a BASIC program), the CPU is, well, busy idling around at the same speed with the same "workload".



What you possibly can hear, however, is the CPU repeatedly doing the same thing, like operating in tight loops that can, through electrical or mechanical interference (with the monitor or audio signal, for example), create audible frequencies that you may hear. That was definitely not an intended feature.



Operators of mainframes sometimes could hear whether their machines were running properly (or had crashed) by listening to the interference noise they produced, sometimes even tried to amplify the noise. (See this book, page 161ff)



You were experiencing some similar effect.



Today, the sound of historic computers operating can even be marketed as art.






share|improve this answer




















  • 3





    ...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

    – Solomon Slow
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    "Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

    – Mark
    9 hours ago












  • Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

    – tofro
    8 hours ago







  • 1





    Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

    – Matthew Barber
    7 hours ago















8














There seems to be a slight misunderstanding: The CPU in a computer is (almost) never doing nothing (excluding power save states which was largely unknown at times the Amstrad was en vogue). So there's no such thing as "workload of a processor" going up or down - The CPU in an Amstrad is constantly running at 4 MHz, constantly under the same workload. If there's nothing do do, like executing a BASIC program), the CPU is, well, busy idling around at the same speed with the same "workload".



What you possibly can hear, however, is the CPU repeatedly doing the same thing, like operating in tight loops that can, through electrical or mechanical interference (with the monitor or audio signal, for example), create audible frequencies that you may hear. That was definitely not an intended feature.



Operators of mainframes sometimes could hear whether their machines were running properly (or had crashed) by listening to the interference noise they produced, sometimes even tried to amplify the noise. (See this book, page 161ff)



You were experiencing some similar effect.



Today, the sound of historic computers operating can even be marketed as art.






share|improve this answer




















  • 3





    ...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

    – Solomon Slow
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    "Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

    – Mark
    9 hours ago












  • Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

    – tofro
    8 hours ago







  • 1





    Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

    – Matthew Barber
    7 hours ago













8












8








8







There seems to be a slight misunderstanding: The CPU in a computer is (almost) never doing nothing (excluding power save states which was largely unknown at times the Amstrad was en vogue). So there's no such thing as "workload of a processor" going up or down - The CPU in an Amstrad is constantly running at 4 MHz, constantly under the same workload. If there's nothing do do, like executing a BASIC program), the CPU is, well, busy idling around at the same speed with the same "workload".



What you possibly can hear, however, is the CPU repeatedly doing the same thing, like operating in tight loops that can, through electrical or mechanical interference (with the monitor or audio signal, for example), create audible frequencies that you may hear. That was definitely not an intended feature.



Operators of mainframes sometimes could hear whether their machines were running properly (or had crashed) by listening to the interference noise they produced, sometimes even tried to amplify the noise. (See this book, page 161ff)



You were experiencing some similar effect.



Today, the sound of historic computers operating can even be marketed as art.






share|improve this answer















There seems to be a slight misunderstanding: The CPU in a computer is (almost) never doing nothing (excluding power save states which was largely unknown at times the Amstrad was en vogue). So there's no such thing as "workload of a processor" going up or down - The CPU in an Amstrad is constantly running at 4 MHz, constantly under the same workload. If there's nothing do do, like executing a BASIC program), the CPU is, well, busy idling around at the same speed with the same "workload".



What you possibly can hear, however, is the CPU repeatedly doing the same thing, like operating in tight loops that can, through electrical or mechanical interference (with the monitor or audio signal, for example), create audible frequencies that you may hear. That was definitely not an intended feature.



Operators of mainframes sometimes could hear whether their machines were running properly (or had crashed) by listening to the interference noise they produced, sometimes even tried to amplify the noise. (See this book, page 161ff)



You were experiencing some similar effect.



Today, the sound of historic computers operating can even be marketed as art.







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited 12 hours ago

























answered 13 hours ago









tofrotofro

16.6k33493




16.6k33493







  • 3





    ...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

    – Solomon Slow
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    "Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

    – Mark
    9 hours ago












  • Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

    – tofro
    8 hours ago







  • 1





    Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

    – Matthew Barber
    7 hours ago












  • 3





    ...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

    – Solomon Slow
    10 hours ago






  • 1





    "Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

    – Mark
    9 hours ago












  • Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

    – tofro
    8 hours ago







  • 1





    Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

    – Matthew Barber
    7 hours ago







3




3





...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

– Solomon Slow
10 hours ago





...or, by placing a cheap AM radio near the CPU. I knew a guy in college who programmed his Altair 8800 to play recognizable tunes through a nearby AM radio. Computers back in the day did not exactly comply with FCC regulations.

– Solomon Slow
10 hours ago




1




1





"Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

– Mark
9 hours ago






"Workload" certainly is meaningful, even in the days of the Amstrad. If you're just executing a sequence of nops, that means a whole lot of CPU circuits are sitting there idle, not drawing significant power. (An empty loop in BASIC is very much not a case of the CPU being idle, though.)

– Mark
9 hours ago














Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

– tofro
8 hours ago






Even if that is not a "normal" use case, I pretty much doubt a Z80 on NOPs draws significantly less current than when executing any other instruction. Have you got proof of that? Pretty much the only circuit not required for NOPs is the ALU - And my guess would be that is not responsible for the most significant power consumption. A Z80 in HALT state might have a measurable difference in current draw, but most probably NOPs will not lower that.

– tofro
8 hours ago





1




1





Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

– Matthew Barber
7 hours ago





Even a halted Z80 will run through the refresh cycle, so it's still doing something. Most likely it's only going to be certain instruction patterns that cause a resonance in an audible range, and I'd suspect that the traces on the board act as the transmitters rather than the CPU itself.

– Matthew Barber
7 hours ago










elzell is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









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Францішак Багушэвіч Змест Сям'я | Біяграфія | Творчасць | Мова Багушэвіча | Ацэнкі дзейнасці | Цікавыя факты | Спадчына | Выбраная бібліяграфія | Ушанаванне памяці | У філатэліі | Зноскі | Літаратура | Спасылкі | НавігацыяЛяхоўскі У. Рупіўся дзеля Бога і людзей: Жыццёвы шлях Лявона Вітан-Дубейкаўскага // Вольскі і Памідораў з песняй пра немца Адвакат, паэт, народны заступнік Ашмянскі веснікВ Минске появится площадь Богушевича и улица Сырокомли, Белорусская деловая газета, 19 июля 2001 г.Айцец беларускай нацыянальнай ідэі паўстаў у бронзе Сяргей Аляксандравіч Адашкевіч (1918, Мінск). 80-я гады. Бюст «Францішак Багушэвіч».Яўген Мікалаевіч Ціхановіч. «Партрэт Францішка Багушэвіча»Мікола Мікалаевіч Купава. «Партрэт зачынальніка новай беларускай літаратуры Францішка Багушэвіча»Уладзімір Іванавіч Мелехаў. На помніку «Змагарам за родную мову» Барэльеф «Францішак Багушэвіч»Памяць пра Багушэвіча на Віленшчыне Страчаная сталіца. Беларускія шыльды на вуліцах Вільні«Krynica». Ideologia i przywódcy białoruskiego katolicyzmuФранцішак БагушэвічТворы на knihi.comТворы Францішка Багушэвіча на bellib.byСодаль Уладзімір. Францішак Багушэвіч на Лідчыне;Луцкевіч Антон. Жыцьцё і творчасьць Фр. Багушэвіча ў успамінах ягоных сучасьнікаў // Запісы Беларускага Навуковага таварыства. Вільня, 1938. Сшытак 1. С. 16-34.Большая российская1188761710000 0000 5537 633Xn9209310021619551927869394п

Беларусь Змест Назва Гісторыя Геаграфія Сімволіка Дзяржаўны лад Палітычныя партыі Міжнароднае становішча і знешняя палітыка Адміністрацыйны падзел Насельніцтва Эканоміка Культура і грамадства Сацыяльная сфера Узброеныя сілы Заўвагі Літаратура Спасылкі НавігацыяHGЯOiТоп-2011 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2013 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2016 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2017 г. (па версіі ej.by)Нацыянальны статыстычны камітэт Рэспублікі БеларусьШчыльнасць насельніцтва па краінахhttp://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/А. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Спробы засялення краю неандэртальскім чалавекам.І ў Менску былі мамантыА. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Старажытны каменны век (палеаліт). Першапачатковае засяленне тэрыторыіГ. Штыхаў. Балты і славяне ў VI—VIII стст.М. Клімаў. Полацкае княства ў IX—XI стст.Г. Штыхаў, В. Ляўко. Палітычная гісторыя Полацкай зямліГ. Штыхаў. Дзяржаўны лад у землях-княствахГ. Штыхаў. Дзяржаўны лад у землях-княствахБеларускія землі ў складзе Вялікага Княства ЛітоўскагаЛюблінская унія 1569 г."The Early Stages of Independence"Zapomniane prawdy25 гадоў таму было аб'яўлена, што Язэп Пілсудскі — беларус (фота)Наша вадаДакументы ЧАЭС: Забруджванне тэрыторыі Беларусі « ЧАЭС Зона адчужэнняСведения о политических партиях, зарегистрированных в Республике Беларусь // Министерство юстиции Республики БеларусьСтатыстычны бюлетэнь „Полаўзроставая структура насельніцтва Рэспублікі Беларусь на 1 студзеня 2012 года і сярэднегадовая колькасць насельніцтва за 2011 год“Индекс человеческого развития Беларуси — не было бы нижеБеларусь занимает первое место в СНГ по индексу развития с учетом гендерного факцёраНацыянальны статыстычны камітэт Рэспублікі БеларусьКанстытуцыя РБ. Артыкул 17Трансфармацыйныя задачы БеларусіВыйсце з крызісу — далейшае рэфармаванне Беларускі рубель — сусветны лідар па дэвальвацыяхПра змену коштаў у кастрычніку 2011 г.Бядней за беларусаў у СНД толькі таджыкіСярэдні заробак у верасні дасягнуў 2,26 мільёна рублёўЭканомікаГаласуем за ТОП-100 беларускай прозыСучасныя беларускія мастакіАрхитектура Беларуси BELARUS.BYА. Каханоўскі. Культура Беларусі ўсярэдзіне XVII—XVIII ст.Анталогія беларускай народнай песні, гуказапісы спеваўБеларускія Музычныя IнструментыБеларускі рок, які мы страцілі. Топ-10 гуртоў«Мясцовы час» — нязгаслая легенда беларускай рок-музыкіСЯРГЕЙ БУДКІН. МЫ НЯ ЗНАЕМ СВАЁЙ МУЗЫКІМ. А. Каладзінскі. НАРОДНЫ ТЭАТРМагнацкія культурныя цэнтрыПублічная дыскусія «Беларуская новая пьеса: без беларускай мовы ці беларуская?»Беларускія драматургі па-ранейшаму лепш ставяцца за мяжой, чым на радзіме«Працэс незалежнага кіно пайшоў, і дзяржаву турбуе яго непадкантрольнасць»Беларускія філосафы ў пошуках прасторыВсе идём в библиотекуАрхіваванаАб Нацыянальнай праграме даследавання і выкарыстання касмічнай прасторы ў мірных мэтах на 2008—2012 гадыУ космас — разам.У суседнім з Барысаўскім раёне пабудуюць Камандна-вымяральны пунктСвяты і абрады беларусаў«Мірныя бульбашы з малой краіны» — 5 непраўдзівых стэрэатыпаў пра БеларусьМ. Раманюк. Беларускае народнае адзеннеУ Беларусі скарачаецца колькасць злачынстваўЛукашэнка незадаволены мінскімі ўладамі Крадзяжы складаюць у Мінску каля 70% злачынстваў Узровень злачыннасці ў Мінскай вобласці — адзін з самых высокіх у краіне Генпракуратура аналізуе стан са злачыннасцю ў Беларусі па каэфіцыенце злачыннасці У Беларусі стабілізавалася крымінагеннае становішча, лічыць генпракурорЗамежнікі сталі здзяйсняць у Беларусі больш злачынстваўМУС Беларусі турбуе рост рэцыдыўнай злачыннасціЯ з ЖЭСа. Дазволіце вас абкрасці! Рэйтынг усіх службаў і падраздзяленняў ГУУС Мінгарвыканкама вырасАб КДБ РБГісторыя Аператыўна-аналітычнага цэнтра РБГісторыя ДКФРТаможняagentura.ruБеларусьBelarus.by — Афіцыйны сайт Рэспублікі БеларусьСайт урада БеларусіRadzima.org — Збор архітэктурных помнікаў, гісторыя Беларусі«Глобус Беларуси»Гербы и флаги БеларусиАсаблівасці каменнага веку на БеларусіА. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Старажытны каменны век (палеаліт). Першапачатковае засяленне тэрыторыіУ. Ксяндзоў. Сярэдні каменны век (мезаліт). Засяленне краю плямёнамі паляўнічых, рыбакоў і збіральнікаўА. Калечыц, М. Чарняўскі. Плямёны на тэрыторыі Беларусі ў новым каменным веку (неаліце)А. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў, М. Чарняўскі. Гаспадарчыя заняткі ў каменным векуЭ. Зайкоўскі. Духоўная культура ў каменным векуАсаблівасці бронзавага веку на БеларусіФарміраванне супольнасцей ранняга перыяду бронзавага векуФотографии БеларусиРоля беларускіх зямель ва ўтварэнні і ўмацаванні ВКЛВ. Фадзеева. З гісторыі развіцця беларускай народнай вышыўкіDMOZGran catalanaБольшая российскаяBritannica (анлайн)Швейцарскі гістарычны15325917611952699xDA123282154079143-90000 0001 2171 2080n9112870100577502ge128882171858027501086026362074122714179пппппп

ValueError: Expected n_neighbors <= n_samples, but n_samples = 1, n_neighbors = 6 (SMOTE) The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InCan SMOTE be applied over sequence of words (sentences)?ValueError when doing validation with random forestsSMOTE and multi class oversamplingLogic behind SMOTE-NC?ValueError: Error when checking target: expected dense_1 to have shape (7,) but got array with shape (1,)SmoteBoost: Should SMOTE be ran individually for each iteration/tree in the boosting?solving multi-class imbalance classification using smote and OSSUsing SMOTE for Synthetic Data generation to improve performance on unbalanced dataproblem of entry format for a simple model in KerasSVM SMOTE fit_resample() function runs forever with no result