Skip to main content

Guadalupe Victoria Contents Childhood and education Mexican War of Independence Mexican Empire Supreme Executive Power Presidency (1824–1829) Post-presidential years and death Legacy See also References Further reading External links Navigation menu"Famous People of Mexico""Today in History for 29th September 1786""Victoria, Guadalupe (José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix""Coahuila y Durango también forjaron la patria mexicana""Tratados de amistad, navegación y comercio entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y S. M. el Rey del reino unido de la Gran Bretaña é Irlanda""Guadalupe Victoria"El Museo Nacional de Historia en voz de sus directores"Tratado de límites entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y los Estados Unidos de América""Ley. Expulsión de españoles""How the First President of the United Mexican States came into office"the original"Guadalupe Victoria: Benemérito de la Patria""Guadalupe Victoria""Ruta Guadalupe Victoria"the original"Guadalupe Victoria: Primer Presidente de la República"the original"¡Guadalupe Victoria!"the original"Guadalupe Victoria, 1786–1843""Cerro de la Soledad en la Toma de Oaxaca""Bicentenario de la Independencia: Vicente Guerrero""Frases Históricas"the original"¡Va mi espada en prenda! ¡Voy por ella!"the original"Guadalupe Victoria"the original"Rutas de la Independencia"the original"Rutas de la Independencia""Guadalupe Victoria"the original"Guadalupe Victoria, forjador de la República"the original"Vicente Guerrero, 1782–1831"the original"24 de febrero de 1821. Plan de Iguala""Iturbide Difunde el Plan de Iguala""El Ejército de las Tres Garantías"the original"10 datos sobre la Consumación de la Independencia""El Viajero en México""G.V. Forjador de la República"the original"21 de julio de 1822. Agustín de Iturbide es coronado emperador de México"the original"La Transición del Imperio a la República (1821–1823)"the original"Con el Plan de Casa Mata se da el primer pronunciamiento de tropas mexicanas""El "Proceso" contra Agustín de Iturbide""Decreto. Nombramiento de los individuos que han de componer el poder ejecutivo""Decreto. Nombramiento de suplentes para el supremo poder ejecutivo""Vicente Guerrero, 1782–1831"the original"La Transición del Imperio a la República o la Participación Indiscriminada"the original"Decreto""El triunvirato de Guadalupe Victoria, Nicolás Bravo y Celestino Negrete"the original"31 de marzo de 1823. Se nombra un triunvirato"the originalConstitutive Acts of the Mexican Federation, 21 of January 1824. Also Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States, October 4, 1824"Decreto. Constitución federal de los Estados-Unidos Mexicanos""10 de octubre de 1824. Toma posesión Guadalupe Victoria como primer presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos"the original"Decreto. Declaración de presidente y vicepresidente de los Estados-Unidos Mexicanos""Frases Históricas"the original"Guadalupe Victoria – Presidente desconocido""Ley. Expulsión de españoles""Cronología Mexicana""Mar e independencia, 1825"the original"23 de noviembre. Día de la Armada de México"the original"Poinsett ofrece comprar el territorio de Texas""Viaje por la historia de México"the original"Moisés Austin obtiene permiso para colonizar Texas"La expulsión de los españoles de México y su destino incierto, 1821–1836"03 de enero de 1830. El embajador estadounidense Joel R. Poinsett es expulsado de México"the originalLa expulsión de los españoles de México y su destino incierto, 1821–1836"Mexico no oirá proposición alguna de España, si no está fundada en el reconocimiento de su independencia""La primera República Federal 1824–1835""09 de marzo de 1839. Acuerdo entre México y Francia da término a la Guerra de los Pasteles"the original"Trasladan los restos de 14 héroes de la Independencia de México al Palacio Nacional"the original"Regresan restos de los héroes patrios a Columna de la Independencia""La Guerra de Independencia"Mexico connect: History of Mexico: Guadalupe Victoria - Presidente DesconocidoeXX1333526cb12153227z(data)1287768540000 0000 6637 2609n85345810w69c6xj10866970056999017869990178

Guadalupe VictoriaVicente GuerreroJosé María BocanegraPedro VélezAnastasio BustamanteMelchor MúzquizManuel Gómez PedrazaValentín Gómez FaríasAntonio López de Santa AnnaMiguel BarragánJosé Justo CorroNicolás BravoFrancisco Javier EcheverríaValentín CanalizoJosé Joaquín de HerreraMariano ParedesJosé Mariano SalasPedro María de AnayaManuel de la PeñaMariano AristaJuan Bautista CeballosManuel María LombardiniMartín CarreraRómulo DíazJuan Álvarez HurtadoIgnacio ComonfortFélix María ZuloagaManuel Robles PezuelaMiguel MiramónJosé Ignacio PavónBenito JuárezSebastián Lerdo de TejadaJosé María IglesiasJuan N. MéndezPorfirio DíazManuel González FloresFrancisco León de la BarraFrancisco I. MaderoPedro LascuráinVictoriano HuertaFrancisco S. CarvajalVenustiano CarranzaEulalio GutiérrezRoque González GarzaFrancisco Lagos CházaroAdolfo de la HuertaÁlvaro ObregónPlutarco Elías CallesEmilio Portes GilPascual Ortiz RubioAbelardo Luján RodríguezLázaro CárdenasManuel Ávila CamachoMiguel Alemán ValdésAdolfo Ruiz CortinesAdolfo López MateosGustavo Díaz OrdazLuis EcheverríaJosé López PortilloMiguel de la MadridCarlos Salinas de GortariErnesto ZedilloVicente FoxFelipe CalderónEnrique Peña NietoAndrés Manuel López Obrador


Presidents of MexicoMexican generalsPeople of the Mexican War of IndependenceIndependent Mexico1786 births1843 deaths1820s in MexicoMexican presidential candidates (1824)Governors of PueblaGovernors of VeracruzMilitary personnel from DurangoPoliticians from DurangoCiudad VictoriaDeaths from epilepsy19th-century Mexican people19th-century rulers in North America19th-century Mexican military personnel19th-century Mexican politicians


Spanish EmpireMexican War of IndependenceChamber of DeputiesDurangoSupreme Executive PowerFirst Mexican EmpireConstitution of 1824PresidentUnited Mexican StatesFederal Republic of Central AmericaGran ColombiaslaverySan Juan de Ulúaepilepsyfortress of PeroteChamber of DeputiesTamazulaNueva Vizcaya, New SpainDurangorealescollege of San IldefonsoCanon LawCivil LawBachelor of Lawsinsurgent forcesHermenegildo GaleanaJosé María MorelosSiege of CuautlaOaxacaNicolás BravoVeracruzassault on OaxacaroyalistLieutenant GeneralHermenegildo GaleanaNicolás BravoMariano MatamorosManuel Mier y TeránVicente Guerreromoatswordcolonial governmentCongress of ChilpancingoVirgin of Guadalupeguerrilla warfareXalapaVeracruzNautlaGulf of MexicoTuxpanNaolincoMisantlaPuente NacionalHuatuscoJuan Ruiz de ApodacaNew SpainPalmillaspardonepilepsyVicente GuerreroCortes of CádizSpanish monarchyIberian PeninsulaAgustín de IturbidePlan of IgualaBajíoNicolás BravoIgnacio López RayónArmy of the Three GuaranteesSpanish ViceroyJuan O'DonojúTreaty of CórdobaPedro Celestino NegreteAnastasio BustamanteMelchor MúzquizJosé Joaquín de HerreraManuel Mier y TeránLuis QuintanarMiguel BarragánVicente FilisolaAntonio López de Santa AnnaDeclaration of Independence of the Mexican EmpireAgustín de IturbideSan Juan del Ríorepublican governmentinsurgentpardonindigenousGuatemalanregencyLegislativeVicente GuerreroNicolás BravoIgnacio López RayónAndrés Quintana RooMiguel DomínguezQuerétaroPedro Celestino NegreteMiguel BarragánDurangoAntonio López de Santa AnnaPlan of Casa MataVicente GuerreroNicolás BravotriumviratePedro Celestino NegreteMiguel DomínguezMariano MichelenaOaxacaYucatánJaliscoZacatecasFederal Constitution of United Mexican StatesCongresspresidential electionspresident of the United Mexican Stateswar of independenceeconomic blockadeSpanish Crowntrade embargomerchant marineAmerican countriesspanish dollarspoundsNational Treasuryabolition of slaveryGrito de DoloresMilitary AcademyIsthmus of TehuantepecYucatánSpanish invasionmonkLancasterian SocietyMiguel Barragánfortress of San Juan de UlúaVeracruzfreedom of speechpressLucas AlamánSecretary of the InteriorAmerican ambassadorJoel R. PoinsettMexican NavyGeneral Colonization LawAlta CaliforniaNuevo MéxicoCoahuila y Tejasimmigration of AmericansslaveryHaden EdwardsNacogdoches, TexasManuel de Mier y TeránLaws of April 6, 1830coups d'étatTulancingoHidalgoNicolás BravoVicente GuerreroLorenzo de ZavalaManuel Gómez PedrazaMinister of WarUnited KingdomFederal Republic of Central AmericaGran ColombiaAdams–Onís TreatyPan American UnionSimón BolívarhaciendaVeracruzManuel Gómez PedrazaDurangoOaxacaGovernor of PueblaSenatefederal republiccentralized republicPueblamilitary commanderPastry Warpeace treatyCastle of PeroteCongressChamber of DeputiesColumn of Independencebicentennial of the beginning of the independence of MexicoNational Palacenational heroCiudad VictoriacapitalTamaulipasVictoria de DurangoTamazula de VictoriaCiudad Guadalupe VictoriaDurangoGuadalupe VictoriaPueblaVictoria CityVictoria CountyARM Victoria (F-213)General Guadalupe Victoria International Airport












Guadalupe Victoria




From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia






Jump to navigation
Jump to search




























The Most Excellent


Guadalupe Victoria


Oleo Guadalupe Victoria.PNG
Portrait of Guadalupe Victoria

1st President of Mexico

In office
10 October 1824 – 31 March 1829
Vice PresidentNicolás Bravo
Preceded byProvisional Government
Succeeded byVicente Guerrero

Personal details
Born
José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix


29 September 1786
Tamazula, Nueva Vizcaya
Died21 March 1843 (aged 56)
San Carlos Fortress, Perote, Veracruz
Resting placeColumn of Independence
Nationality
Mexican
New Spanish (prior to 1821)
Political partyNone
Spouse(s)María Antonia Bretón
Alma materSan Ildefonso College
OccupationLawyer
Soldier (General)
SignatureCursive signature in ink

Guadalupe Victoria (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwaðaˈlupe βikˈtoɾja]; 29 September 1786 – 21 March 1843),[1][2] born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix,[3] was a Mexican general and political leader who fought for independence against the Spanish Empire in the Mexican War of Independence. He was a deputy in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies for Durango and a member of the Supreme Executive Power following the downfall of the First Mexican Empire. After the adoption of the Constitution of 1824, Victoria was elected as the first President of the United Mexican States.[4]


As President he established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom,[5] the United States, the Federal Republic of Central America, and Gran Colombia.[6] He also abolished slavery, founded the National Museum,[7] promoted education,[3] and ratified the border with the United States of America.[8] He decreed the expulsion of the Spaniards remaining in the country[9] and defeated the last Spanish stronghold in the castle of San Juan de Ulúa.


Victoria was the only president who completed his full term in more than 30 years of an independent Mexico.[10] He died in 1843 at the age of 56 from epilepsy in the fortress of Perote, where he was receiving medical treatment. On 8 April of the same year, it was decreed that his name would be written in golden letters in the session hall of the Chamber of Deputies.[10]




Contents





  • 1 Childhood and education


  • 2 Mexican War of Independence

    • 2.1 Assault of Oaxaca


    • 2.2 Veracruz


    • 2.3 Plan of Iguala and Treaty of Córdoba



  • 3 Mexican Empire

    • 3.1 Plan of Casa Mata



  • 4 Supreme Executive Power


  • 5 Presidency (1824–1829)

    • 5.1 Domestic issues

      • 5.1.1 San Juan de Ulúa


      • 5.1.2 Northern Territories


      • 5.1.3 Nicolás Bravo's rebellion


      • 5.1.4 Mutiny of La Acordada



    • 5.2 Foreign affairs



  • 6 Post-presidential years and death


  • 7 Legacy

    • 7.1 Coins, stamps, and monuments



  • 8 See also


  • 9 References


  • 10 Further reading


  • 11 External links




Childhood and education


Guadalupe Victoria was born as José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix on 29 September 1786 in Tamazula in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain (now the Mexican state of Durango). His parents, who died early in his childhood, were Manuel Fernández and Alejandra Félix. He was baptized by his paternal uncle Agustín Fernández,[11] at that time the priest of Tamazula, with whom he lived after being orphaned.[12][13]


He studied at the Seminary of Durango.[12] Having no resources to pay for food, he made copies of a Latin grammar text to sell to other students for two reales. In 1807, he went to Mexico City, where he enrolled in the college of San Ildefonso to pursue degrees in Canon Law and Civil Law.[11][14] He studied under a tense atmosphere, because the school was militarized by a colonial order. On 24 April 1811, he submitted his review[11] and graduated as a Bachelor of Laws.[15]



Mexican War of Independence



In 1812, he joined the insurgent forces of Hermenegildo Galeana[12] and fought alongside José María Morelos at the Siege of Cuautla.[16] He also participated in the assault on Oaxaca and joined the troops of Nicolás Bravo in Veracruz. He dedicated himself and his troops to controlling the passage of El Puente del Rey and became famous for his successful attacks on military convoys until 1815, when he was defeated.[17]



Assault of Oaxaca


The assault on Oaxaca took place on 25 November 1812. Insurgents led by José María Morelos defeated the royalist forces of Lieutenant General Gonzalez Saravia.


Other members of the insurgent forces that participated in the assault of Oaxaca were Hermenegildo Galeana, Nicolás Bravo, Mariano Matamoros, Manuel Mier y Terán, and Vicente Guerrero.[18][19]


Guadalupe Victoria engaged in the battle in the Juego de Pelota, which was surrounded by a moat that insurgent soldiers did not dare to cross; Guadalupe Victoria threw his sword across the moat and said ¡Va mi espada en prenda, voy por ella![20] (There goes my sword as pledge, I'm going for it!). He swam across the moat and cut the rope of a bridge to allow the insurgent troops into the city.[13]


The loss of Oaxaca was a heavy blow to the colonial government, because it gave great military prestige to Morelos, as well as a privileged geographical position because of the roads and towns that could be controlled from that site.[21]


Due to his success in Oaxaca, by order of the Congress of Chilpancingo,[15] Victoria was granted the command of the insurgent army in Veracruz.[16] At the same time, José Miguel Fernández y Félix decided to change his name to Guadalupe, due to his devotion to the Virgin of Guadalupe and Victoria for the victory.[22]



Veracruz




Former Puente del Rey, today, Puente Nacional in the state of Veracruz


In 1815, Victoria commanded insurgents in the region of Veracruz. Using guerrilla warfare tactics,[23] he obtained control of the Puente del Rey ("King's Bridge"), a strategic position that connected Xalapa to the port of Veracruz. When he learned that royalist troops were coming to fight, he reinforced the defenses on the bridge, but was still forced to retreat to Nautla in July of that year.[24]


To have a point of supply from the Gulf of Mexico, Victoria took control of the Boquilla de Piedras, a port located between Tuxpan and the port of Veracruz. This port was fitted with docks, warehouses and batteries for defense and remained under the control of Victoria until November 1816, when it was retaken by the royalist army. Shortly afterwards, Naolinco became the headquarters of the insurgents, and from there they controlled the area of Misantla, Puente Nacional and Huatusco.[24]


Also in 1816, when the new viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca arrived at New Spain, Victoria attacked his convoy to Mexico City and came very close to capturing him.[25]


In late 1816, Victoria regained Nautla, defeating the royalist garrison. He also occupied Barra de Palmas, Barra Nueva and La Laguna. The strong royalist offensive, as well as a lack of military equipment, resulted in the occupied positions being recovered by the Spaniards in February 1817.


By mid-1817, Guadalupe Victoria had lost all the towns of his command. After his defeat in Palmillas, he was abandoned by his men and faced intense persecution. He hid in the jungle, where he survived eating herbs, fruits and animals.[26] He refused to accept a pardon from the Viceroy for his actions and remained hidden in the jungles of Veracruz, where he developed epilepsy.[27] His sporadic appearances in the towns turned him into a legend among the inhabitants of the region.[28]



Plan of Iguala and Treaty of Córdoba





Entry of the Army of the Three Guarantees to Mexico City on 27 September 1821.


Guadalupe Victoria spent almost four years hiding in the jungle.[28] They were difficult years for the independence movement and the colonial government thought that the movement had been suppressed. During this time most of the insurgents accepted a viceregal pardon; only Vicente Guerrero kept up the fight.[29]


The installation of the Cortes of Cádiz in Spain and the deterioration of the Spanish monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula helped revitalize the struggle for Mexican independence at the end of 1820. Victoria was informed about the progress of the insurrection and reappeared on 30 December of that year in the town of Soledad, where a small garrison quickly joined him.[28]


On 24 February 1821, Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero proclaimed the Plan of Iguala.[30] Iturbide began a tour of the Bajío region to spread the movement. Several royalist military leaders joined the Plan of Iguala and so did some retired insurgent leaders, including Nicolás Bravo and Ignacio López Rayón. Guadalupe Victoria also joined.[31] On 6 April, Victoria proclaimed independence in the town of Soledad. In late May, with the exception of the capital, the province of Veracruz was up in arms.[28]


The Army of the Three Guarantees was created on 24 February 1821 as part of the Plan of Iguala[30] and continued battling Spanish royalist forces that refused to accept Mexican independence. These battles continued until 21 August 1821, when Iturbide and Spanish Viceroy Juan O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba.


On 27 September 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, forming a column headed by Agustín de Iturbide.[32] Among the officers who entered the city that day were Pedro Celestino Negrete, Vicente Guerrero, Nicolás Bravo, Anastasio Bustamante, Melchor Múzquiz, José Joaquín de Herrera, Manuel Mier y Terán, Luis Quintanar, Miguel Barragán, Vicente Filisola, Antonio López de Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria.[33] On 28 September 1821, the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire was signed.[34]



Mexican Empire





Coronation of Iturbide on 21 July 1822.


Guadalupe Victoria met with Agustín de Iturbide on 17 June 1821 in San Juan del Río and asked him to adopt the Plan of Iguala to create a republican government. Victoria recommended as ruler a former insurgent who was unmarried and had not accepted the pardon. This man would marry an indigenous Guatemalan woman to unite both territories into a single nation. Iturbide refused the proposition. Both men supported independence, but felt a mutual distrust.[35]


A regency was created to serve as executive, led by Iturbide, who ruled until 18 May 1822, when he was proclaimed emperor.[36] Iturbide chose all members of the Provisional Governing Board, which would serve as Legislative and rule until 24 February 1822, when the first Constitutional Congress was installed.[37] Almost all members were notable for their social position, wealth and titles. They were also all former fervent supporters of the Spanish rule. None of the former insurgents, such as Vicente Guerrero, Nicolás Bravo, Ignacio López Rayón, Guadalupe Victoria and Andrés Quintana Roo, were called to participate.[38]


In early 1822, some of the former insurgents with republican ideas began meeting at the house of Miguel Domínguez in Querétaro. They wrote to Pedro Celestino Negrete inviting him to participate, but he thought that it was a conspiracy and told Iturbide. Seventeen people were arrested, including Guadalupe Victoria, Nicolás Bravo and Miguel Barragán. The "conspiracy" was only meetings during which they talked about the future of government. Almost immediately, participants were released, with the exception of Guadalupe Victoria, who remained jailed, but who soon after escaped from prison and hid in Veracruz.[39][40]


Congress asked to review the case of Guadalupe Victoria, who had been elected deputy by Durango. Victoria was a fugitive, indicted on charges of conspiracy. He was requested to present himself to congress, but he preferred to stay hidden.[41]


On 21 July 1822, Agustín de Iturbide was crowned Emperor of Mexico,[42] but the workings of the Constitutional Empire soon demonstrated the incompatibility of its two main components, the Emperor and the Constituent Congress. The deputies were imprisoned after expressing their disagreement with Iturbide and finally, Iturbide decided to eliminate the Congress, establishing instead a National Board.[43]



Plan of Casa Mata



The lack of a Congress, the arbitrary actions of the Emperor, and the absence of solutions to the serious problems that the country was facing, increased conspiracies to change the imperial system.[44]Antonio López de Santa Anna proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata and was later joined by Vicente Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo.[45]


On 6 December 1822, Guadalupe Victoria came out of hiding to join the movement. Knowing his reputation and popularity, Santa Anna appointed him leader of the movement and together they proclaimed the Plan of Veracruz.[46]


On 31 December, Santa Anna was defeated by General Calderón. Forced to retreat, on 24 December he met with a group of 300 troops of Guadalupe Victoria in Puente del Rey. Santa Anna again took advantage of the popularity of Guadalupe Victoria by encouraging people to join the cause.[47]


When Santa Anna and Victoria were defeated, Santa Anna tried to flee to the United States and Victoria said to him:"[15]





On 22 January 1823, Santa Anna reported to Victoria: I was attacked from all directions by the imperial forces.[48] On 1 February 1823, a radical shift occurred when the imperial Generals Echeverría, Lobato and Cortázar signed the Plan of Casa Mata.


Iturbide was forced to reinstate the Congress. In a vain attempt to keep a favorable situation for his supporters, he abdicated the crown of the Empire on 19 March 1823.[49]



Supreme Executive Power





Guadalupe Victoria and Nicolás Bravo in the Second Constitutional Congress.


On 26 March 1823, it was determined that Iturbide would have to leave the country with his family. He was escorted by General Nicolás Bravo as requested by the former emperor.[50]


On 31 March 1823, Congress met and granted the Executive role to a triumvirate named the Supreme Executive Power. Its members were Pedro Celestino Negrete, Nicolás Bravo and Guadalupe Victoria,[51] with alternates being Miguel Domínguez, Mariano Michelena[52] and Vicente Guerrero.[53] On 7 April 1823, Congress nullified the designation of Iturbide as Emperor (and therefore the recognition of his abdication) and made it seem as if the coronation of Iturbide was a logical mistake in the establishment of Independence.[54] Congress abolished the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba, leaving the country free to choose any system of government it wished.[55]


Despite being elected to be part of the Supreme Executive Power, Victoria remained in military control of Veracruz, where he oversaw the transportation of Iturbide to Europe and organized resistance against Spanish attacks from San Juan de Ulúa.[28]


The Supreme Executive Power was commissioned to direct the former provinces, now Free States, to create the Federal Republic and also to call elections for a new constituent congress. The Executive had to overcome a series of political difficulties, such as the case of the Central American provinces that chose not to join Mexican Federation, and the provinces of Oaxaca, Yucatán, Jalisco and Zacatecas that declared themselves free and sovereign states.[56] They also faced a conspiracy of supporters of Iturbide and an anti-Spanish rebellion.[57]


On 31 January 1824, the Constitutive Act of the Federation was approved, which was an interim status of the new government. The nation formally assumed sovereignty and was made up of free, sovereign and independent states.[58] During the following months, the constitutional debates continued.


On 4 October 1824, the Federal Constitution of United Mexican States was proclaimed.[59]



Presidency (1824–1829)




Portrait of Guadalupe Victoria, 1826.


The Congress called for presidential elections in August 1824. Each state legislature would appoint two candidates, and the two who received the most votes would be elected as president and vice president. The results were announced on 1 October and by majority of 17 states, Guadalupe Victoria was elected president of the Republic.[60]


On 2 October 1824, Guadalupe Victoria was declared the first president of the United Mexican States for the period 1825–1829.[61] On 8 October, the president and vice-president Nicolás Bravo swore the constitution.[62]
Guadalupe Victoria took office as interim president from 10 October 1824 to 31 March 1825. His constitutional term in office began on 1 April 1825.[6] The inauguration was solemn and austere as required by his republicanism. That day, Victoria affirmed ¡La Independencia se afianzará con mi sangre y la libertad se perderá con mi vida![63] (Independence will be reinforced with my blood and freedom will be lost with my life).



Domestic issues


As president of the new Republic, Victoria was in charge of rebuilding an economy devastated by the long war of independence and the economic blockade promoted by the Spanish Crown. To resolve the lack of supplies, a result of the trade embargo, he created the country's merchant marine, which opened trade routes with the ports of the American countries that had recognized the national independence and with which diplomatic relations were established. However, his main concern was to achieve recognition from European countries.[28]


The government of Victoria was hampered by severe financial problems. His expenses averaged $18 million spanish dollars—colloquially known as pesos—annually, but he was only collecting half that amount in revenues.[64] In order to resolve that problem, Victoria was forced to seek foreign aid. The United Kingdom, knowing how hard-pressed Victoria was (the Army alone accounted for $12 million of the budget), persuaded him to accept two loans, each of over £3 million pounds. These loans, negotiated through banking houses such as Barclay and Goldschmidt, averted bankruptcy and helped retain social peace, factors that undoubtedly enabled Victoria to serve out his full term.[64]


Despite these financial problems, there were some highly positive aspects to Victoria's administration. Two of the first president's most positive achievements were the establishment of the National Treasury and the abolition of slavery, which were declared on 16 September 1825, when he held for the first time the Grito de Dolores.[65] In addition, he established the Military Academy, restored Mexico City,[66] improved education, accorded amnesty to political prisoners, laid plans for a canal in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, opened new ports for shipping, began construction on the National Museum, garrisoned Yucatán to thwart a contemplated Cuba-based Spanish invasion, and unmasked a conspiracy led by a monk named Joaquín Arenas to restore Spanish rule.[64]


Victoria also facilitated the activities of the Lancasterian Society, which was dedicated to education, and he created the naval force that enabled his greatest achievement: the complete independence of Mexico, when on 18 November 1825, general Miguel Barragán took the last Spanish stronghold, the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz.[22]


In politics, his actions were conciliatory. He tried to apply policies that would attract different sides and formed his cabinet with prominent members of the different factions. However, the old conflicts since the days of Iturbide resurfaced. Victoria faced the contradiction of religious intolerance against freedom of speech and press, which were declared in the Constitution, and which he scrupulously observed.[6]


On 20 December 1827, he decreed the expulsion of Spaniards of the Republic.[67] The suppressed rebellion of Joaquín Arenas sparked a wave of outrage against the wealthy Spaniards who had sponsored it. Though Lucas Alamán, his Secretary of the Interior, tried to dissuade him, American ambassador Joel R. Poinsett encouraged Victoria to order the expulsion of the Spaniards,[6] which caused serious economic problems, because most of those expelled were traders who brought their fortunes to Spain.[68]



San Juan de Ulúa




Capitulation of San Juan de Ulúa.



The War of Independence ruined fields, towns, trade and mining. The government had no effective ways of collecting additional customs taxes, and the government operated under debit and salary arrears. Under these conditions it was difficult to undertake an effective strategy for the surrender of San Juan de Ulúa.[69]


Despite this, Victoria's government purchased some ships to form the basis of the first Mexican Navy. They included the schooners Iguala, Anáhuac, Chalco, Chapala, Texcoco, Orizaba, Campechana and Zumpango. The schooners Tampico, Papaloapan and Tlaxcalteca were added later.[69]


Finally, on 23 November 1825, frigate Captain Pedro Sainz de Baranda achieved the capitulation of San Juan de Ulúa, the last Spanish bastion in Mexico.[70]



Northern Territories





Map of Mexico in 1824.


Guadalupe Victoria rejected two bids over Texas offered by American ambassador Joel R. Poinsett,[71] including one for $5 million.[72]


On 18 August 1824, the General Colonization Law was issued to populate the Northern Territories of (Alta California, Nuevo México and the north side of the state of Coahuila y Tejas). The decree left the administration of public lands in the hands of the states. On 24 March 1825, the congress passed a law to open the doors to foreign colonization fully; the law gave the settlers land privileges and exemption from taxes for ten years.[73]


The immigration of Americans was abundant and communities quickly formed that retained their language, religion and customs, resulting in weak links with the rest of the country. They disobeyed the laws and continued slavery in Mexican territory.[73] In 1826, the first attempt at separatism was made when empresario Haden Edwards declared independence from state of Coahuila y Tejas and created the Republic of Fredonia near Nacogdoches, Texas. The rebellion was quickly quelled.


As a direct result of Edwards's actions, Victoria authorized an extensive expedition, conducted by General Manuel de Mier y Terán, to inspect the Texas settlements and recommend a future course of action. Mier y Terán's reports led to the Laws of April 6, 1830, which severely restricted immigration into Texas.[74]



Nicolás Bravo's rebellion




Oil of Nicolás Bravo


During his term, Guadalupe Victoria faced several attempted coups d'état against his government. Seven months after starting his administration, the first attempt was discovered. Another was discovered in late 1827.[6]


On 23 December 1827, the Scottish Lodge declared the Plan of Montaño in Tulancingo, (now state of Hidalgo) which was based on 4 points:[75]


  • The extinction of secret societies.

  • The change of government.

  • The expulsion of U.S. ambassador Joel R. Poinsett.

  • Strict compliance of the Constitution.

Vice-President Nicolás Bravo, head of the revolt, claimed that his sole purpose was to release the Congress and the government of Victoria from the influence of the Yorkist Lodge.[75] The plan called mainly for the reorganization of government, which had showed serious deficiencies in the control of public revenues and expulsion of the United States representative on the grounds that country meddled in domestic affairs.[6] (Joel R. Poinsett was expelled from Mexico on 3 January 1830 for that reason).[76]


The uprising was suppressed by Vicente Guerrero on 6 January 1828 after a weak resistance. Nicolás Bravo was expelled from the country while other mutineers were imprisoned.



Mutiny of La Acordada




Lithograph of El Parian, 19th century.


See also Motín de la Acordada.


The Mutiny of La Acordada (Spanish: Motín de la Acordada) was a revolt staged on 30 November 1828 by General José María Lobato, Colonel Santiago García and Lorenzo de Zavala against the government of Guadalupe Victoria when they learned that he supported the candidacy of Manuel Gómez Pedraza in presidential elections.[77]


For the elections of 1828, the Yorker Lodge presented as candidate to the Minister of War Manuel Gómez Pedraza. The Scottish Lodge presented as candidate to Vicente Guerrero, independence hero and victor in the last conspiracy against government. The elections were held on 1 September 1828, and the winner was Manuel Gómez Pedraza. Vicente Guerrero rejected the results and organized a revolution.[78]


The revolutionary troops demanded the resignation of President Victoria and that he be replaced by Guerrero. Meanwhile, Gómez Pedraza fled from Mexico City, waiving his right to the presidency. That was seized upon by the mob which went to El Parian, the core of Mexican trade, and began looting and burning shops and stores, ruining hundreds of Spanish, Mexican and foreign traders.[78]


As a result, in early 1829, Congress annulled the election of 1828 and elected Vicente Guerrero as President. Victoria delivered the presidency to him when his term ended on 1 April 1829.[6]



Foreign affairs


One of the main goals of Guadalupe Victoria was recognition of Mexico as an independent nation by the principal foreign powers. He finally got that recognition following the establishment of diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom,[5] the United States of America, the Federal Republic of Central America, and Gran Colombia.[6] That reduced the problems caused by the economic embargo imposed by the Spanish crown. The economic problems were further reduced when several British companies began mining operations in Mexico, which resulted in a large influx of capitals.


He also ratified the contents of the Adams–Onís Treaty and thus the border with the United States.[8]


Victoria declared that no proposals would be heard from Spain until it recognized Mexican independence and the form of government established and agreed to, and never ask for indemnification for the loss of Mexico.[79]


Another memorable international accomplishment of Guadalupe Victoria was his support for the Pan American Union proposed by Simón Bolívar, which resulted in the signing of an agreement called the Tratado de Unión, Liga y Confederación Perpetua (Treaty of Union, League and Perpetual Confederation) between the republics of Colombia, Central America, Perú and the United Mexican States.[8] He also provided financial assistance to Simón Bolívar to help obtain Peru's total independence from Spain.



Post-presidential years and death


After completing his term, Victoria retired from public life to manage personal affairs in his hacienda El Jobo in Veracruz. When Victoria gave the presidency to his successor, Vicente Guerrero, he said:[28]





In 1832, the Government of the Republic, aware of his diplomatic and negotiating skills, asked him to assist in the pacification of Santa Anna, who had taken up arms to demand that the presidency of the Republic be delivered to General Manuel Gómez Pedraza.[80] A year later, in 1833, he was elected senator for the states of Veracruz and Durango, joining the Public Debt Committee of the Senate. At the same time, he fought against rebellions in Veracruz and Oaxaca.[12] While serving as Senator his health began to seriously deteriorate and he began having recurrent seizures which prevented him from completing his term as Governor of Puebla, a position he held for less than five months.[28]


Victoria returned to the Senate and in 1835 was elected president of the Senate.[81] At that time, he undertook a vigorous fight against a proposal that sought to change the federal republic to a centralized republic. A few days before returning to the Senate, in Puebla, he stated his position:[28]





In November 1836, he was appointed military commander of Veracruz, but he resigned in December of that year to show disagreement to the proclamation of the first Central Republic.[82]


In 1838, his diplomatic intervention was crucial to avoid a war against the French in the incident known as the Pastry War. On 9 March 1839, he was successful with the signing of a peace treaty with France. That was his last public activity.[28][83]


In 1841, he married María Antonieta Bretón y Velázquez and very soon his health was broken by his epileptic condition.[12] He moved to the Castle of Perote to receive medical treatment and he died there on 21 March 1843. He was buried there.


Guadalupe Victoria was declared by Congress Benemérito de la Patria (Worthy of the Nation) on 25 August 1843, and his name was written in golden letters in the session hall of the Chamber of Deputies.[10]


In 1863, his remains were moved from Puebla by General Alejandro García and were placed in the Column of Independence in Mexico City.[17]


On 15 August 2010, in celebration of the bicentennial of the beginning of the independence of Mexico, his remains were moved to National Palace and remained on display until 20 July 2011, when were returned to the Column of Independence.[84][85]



Legacy


Victoria is considered a national hero and as such, there are many monuments, statues, schools, hospitals, libraries, cities, towns, streets, and places named after him in Mexico. The most prominent are Ciudad Victoria, the capital of the state of Tamaulipas; the capital city of Victoria de Durango, Tamazula de Victoria, and Ciudad Guadalupe Victoria in the state of Durango; Guadalupe Victoria in the state of Puebla; Victoria City and Victoria County, in the United States; the frigate ARM Victoria (F-213); and General Guadalupe Victoria International Airport.




Victoria's monument in Durango.



Coins, stamps, and monuments








President Guadalupe Victoria, medal, 1824






Guadalupe Victoria, Bicentennial, 1986, 50 pesos



See also



  • History of Mexico

  • President of Mexico

  • List of Presidents of Mexico


References




  1. ^ "Famous People of Mexico". Buzzle. Retrieved October 3, 2010..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "Today in History for 29th September 1786". History Orb. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  3. ^ ab "Victoria, Guadalupe (José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix" (in Spanish). Tu Bicentenario. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  4. ^ "Coahuila y Durango también forjaron la patria mexicana" (in Spanish). El Siglo de Torreón. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  5. ^ ab "Tratados de amistad, navegación y comercio entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y S. M. el Rey del reino unido de la Gran Bretaña é Irlanda" (in Spanish). 500 años de México en documentos. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  6. ^ abcdefgh "Guadalupe Victoria" (in Spanish). Chihuahua México. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  7. ^ El Museo Nacional de Historia en voz de sus directores (in Spanish). Google Libros. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  8. ^ abc "Tratado de límites entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y los Estados Unidos de América" (in Spanish). 500 años de México en documentos. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  9. ^ "Ley. Expulsión de españoles" (in Spanish). 500 años de México en documentos. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  10. ^ abc "How the First President of the United Mexican States came into office" (PDF). 500 años de México en documentos. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  11. ^ abc "Guadalupe Victoria: Benemérito de la Patria" (in Spanish). Red Escolar. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  12. ^ abcde "Guadalupe Victoria" (in Spanish). Biografías y Vidas. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  13. ^ ab "Ruta Guadalupe Victoria" (in Spanish). Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  14. ^ "Guadalupe Victoria". Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Microsoft Corporation, 2008.


  15. ^ abc "Guadalupe Victoria: Primer Presidente de la República" (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado de Puebla. Archived from the original on November 28, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  16. ^ ab "¡Guadalupe Victoria!" (in Spanish). Gómez Palacio, Durango. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  17. ^ ab "Guadalupe Victoria, 1786–1843" (in Spanish). Gobierno Federal. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  18. ^ "Cerro de la Soledad en la Toma de Oaxaca" (in Spanish). Gobierno Federal. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  19. ^ "Bicentenario de la Independencia: Vicente Guerrero" (in Spanish). México Desconocido. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  20. ^ "Frases Históricas" (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  21. ^ Zárate, 1880; 327–329


  22. ^ ab "¡Va mi espada en prenda! ¡Voy por ella!" (in Spanish). Cabañas en la Sierra. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  23. ^ History Channel. "Guadalupe Victoria". Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2010.


  24. ^ ab "Rutas de la Independencia" (in Spanish). SCT. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  25. ^ "Rutas de la Independencia" (in Spanish). H. Ayuntamiento de Cárdenas. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
    [permanent dead link]



  26. ^ Saucedo Zarco, Carmen (2002). Guadalupe Victoria. Grandes Protagonistas de la Historia. Mexico: Editorial Planeta.


  27. ^ Cabañas de la Sierra, Durango. "Guadalupe Victoria" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2010.


  28. ^ abcdefghij Congreso del Estado de Durango. "Guadalupe Victoria, forjador de la República" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2010.


  29. ^ Gobierno Federal. "Vicente Guerrero, 1782–1831" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2010.


  30. ^ ab Gobierno Federal. "24 de febrero de 1821. Plan de Iguala" (in Spanish). Retrieved October 4, 2010.


  31. ^ Fernández Editores, Taylor Hansen (2005). "Iturbide Difunde el Plan de Iguala". Federal District, Mexico. Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  32. ^ "El Ejército de las Tres Garantías". Comité Estatal PRI Tamaulipas. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  33. ^ Zárate, 1889; 750–751


  34. ^ "10 datos sobre la Consumación de la Independencia". Gobierno Federal. Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  35. ^ González Pedrero, 2005; 109


  36. ^ "El Viajero en México" (PDF). Gobierno Federal. p. 4. Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  37. ^ Villoro, 2009; 522


  38. ^ Villoro, 2009; 520


  39. ^ Arias, 1880; 28


  40. ^ "G.V. Forjador de la República" (PDF). Congreso del Estado de Durango. p. 111. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  41. ^ Arias, 1880; 66


  42. ^ "21 de julio de 1822. Agustín de Iturbide es coronado emperador de México". Gobierno Federal. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  43. ^ "La Transición del Imperio a la República (1821–1823)". Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México. Archived from the original on 2011-01-17. Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  44. ^ Suárez y Navarro, Juan (1850). Historia de México y del general Antonio López de Santa Anna. Mexico. p. 23.


  45. ^ "Con el Plan de Casa Mata se da el primer pronunciamiento de tropas mexicanas". Retrieved October 6, 2010.


  46. ^ González Pedrero, 2005; 225


  47. ^ González Pedrero, 2005; 235


  48. ^ González Pedrero, 2005; 238


  49. ^ "El "Proceso" contra Agustín de Iturbide". Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual. Retrieved October 6, 2010.


  50. ^ Arias, 1880; 91


  51. ^ "Decreto. Nombramiento de los individuos que han de componer el poder ejecutivo". 500 años de México en documentos. Retrieved October 6, 2010.


  52. ^ "Decreto. Nombramiento de suplentes para el supremo poder ejecutivo". 500 años de México en documentos. Retrieved October 6, 2010.


  53. ^ "Vicente Guerrero, 1782–1831". Gobierno Federal. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2010.


  54. ^ "La Transición del Imperio a la República o la Participación Indiscriminada" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2010-10-26.


  55. ^ "Decreto". 500 años de México en documentos. Retrieved October 6, 2010.


  56. ^ "El triunvirato de Guadalupe Victoria, Nicolás Bravo y Celestino Negrete". INEHRM. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2010.


  57. ^ "31 de marzo de 1823. Se nombra un triunvirato". Gobierno Federal. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.


  58. ^ Mexico, Government of (1824). Constitutive Acts of the Mexican Federation, 21 of January 1824. Also Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States, October 4, 1824. Gammel Book Company. Retrieved 28 September 2017.


  59. ^ "Decreto. Constitución federal de los Estados-Unidos Mexicanos" (in Spanish). Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  60. ^ "10 de octubre de 1824. Toma posesión Guadalupe Victoria como primer presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  61. ^ "Decreto. Declaración de presidente y vicepresidente de los Estados-Unidos Mexicanos" (in Spanish). Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  62. ^ Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida, Op. cit., p. 532-533


  63. ^ "Frases Históricas" (PDF) (in Spanish). Senado de la República. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 5, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.


  64. ^ abc "Guadalupe Victoria – Presidente desconocido".


  65. ^ Aguirre, Eugenio (2005). Victoria (in Spanish). Booket. p. 319. ISBN 978-607-07-0215-0.


  66. ^ Aguirre, Eugenio (2005). Victoria (in Spanish). Booket. p. 291. ISBN 978-607-07-0215-0.


  67. ^ "Ley. Expulsión de españoles" (in Spanish). Retrieved October 5, 2010.


  68. ^ "Cronología Mexicana" (in Spanish). Retrieved October 12, 2010.


  69. ^ ab "Mar e independencia, 1825". Archived from the original on 2011-01-01.


  70. ^ "23 de noviembre. Día de la Armada de México". Archived from the original on 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2010-10-26.


  71. ^ "Poinsett ofrece comprar el territorio de Texas".


  72. ^ "Viaje por la historia de México" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-29.


  73. ^ ab "Moisés Austin obtiene permiso para colonizar Texas".


  74. ^ Morton (1947), p. 34.


  75. ^ ab La expulsión de los españoles de México y su destino incierto, 1821–1836 (in Spanish). pp. 72–73. Retrieved October 12, 2010.


  76. ^ "03 de enero de 1830. El embajador estadounidense Joel R. Poinsett es expulsado de México" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2010-10-05. Retrieved October 12, 2010.


  77. ^ Riva Palacios, Vicente (1940). G. S. López, ed. México á través de los siglos. Mexico.


  78. ^ ab La expulsión de los españoles de México y su destino incierto, 1821–1836 (in Spanish). pp. 74–75. Retrieved October 12, 2010.


  79. ^ "Mexico no oirá proposición alguna de España, si no está fundada en el reconocimiento de su independencia" (in Spanish). 500 años de México en documentos. Retrieved October 3, 2010.


  80. ^ "La primera República Federal 1824–1835" (PDF). Portal Educativo CONEVyT. p. 2. Retrieved October 18, 2010.


  81. ^ Aguirre, Eugenio (2005). Victoria (in Spanish). Booket. p. 542. ISBN 978-607-07-0215-0.


  82. ^ Aguirre, Eugenio (2005). Victoria (in Spanish). Booket. p. 550. ISBN 978-607-07-0215-0.


  83. ^ "09 de marzo de 1839. Acuerdo entre México y Francia da término a la Guerra de los Pasteles" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2010-10-06. Retrieved October 13, 2010.


  84. ^ "Trasladan los restos de 14 héroes de la Independencia de México al Palacio Nacional" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.


  85. ^ "Regresan restos de los héroes patrios a Columna de la Independencia" (in Spanish). Retrieved July 30, 2011.



Further reading



  • Zárate, Julio (1880). "La Guerra de Independencia". In Vicente Riva Palacio. México a través de los siglos (in Spanish). III. Mexico: Ballescá y compañía. Retrieved March 25, 2010.


  • Aguirre, Eugenio (2005). Victoria (in Spanish). Booket. p. 319. ISBN 978-607-07-0215-0.


  • Flaccus, Elmer William (1951). Guadalupe Victoria: Mexican Revolutionary Patriot and First President, 1786–1843. University of Austin, Texas.


External links


  • Mexico connect: History of Mexico: Guadalupe Victoria - Presidente Desconocido



Political offices
Preceded by
Supreme Executive Power

Coat of arms of Mexico.svg

President of Mexico
10 October 1824 – 1 April 1829
Succeeded by
Vicente Guerrero









Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guadalupe_Victoria&oldid=890210407"










Navigation menu



























(window.RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function()mw.config.set("wgPageParseReport":"limitreport":"cputime":"1.456","walltime":"1.729","ppvisitednodes":"value":12353,"limit":1000000,"ppgeneratednodes":"value":0,"limit":1500000,"postexpandincludesize":"value":166064,"limit":2097152,"templateargumentsize":"value":4744,"limit":2097152,"expansiondepth":"value":15,"limit":40,"expensivefunctioncount":"value":10,"limit":500,"unstrip-depth":"value":1,"limit":20,"unstrip-size":"value":230379,"limit":5000000,"entityaccesscount":"value":1,"limit":400,"timingprofile":["100.00% 1451.081 1 -total"," 46.23% 670.801 1 Template:Reflist"," 30.28% 439.436 53 Template:Cite_web"," 18.51% 268.575 1 Template:Infobox_president"," 12.67% 183.834 3 Template:Infobox"," 9.68% 140.530 1 Template:Lang-es"," 8.01% 116.171 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.60% 95.749 13 Template:Cite_book"," 4.89% 70.891 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 3.30% 47.924 1 Template:About"],"scribunto":"limitreport-timeusage":"value":"0.772","limit":"10.000","limitreport-memusage":"value":22472550,"limit":52428800,"cachereport":"origin":"mw1325","timestamp":"20190419093331","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false););"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Guadalupe Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria","sameAs":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q311425","mainEntity":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q311425","author":"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects","publisher":"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-hor-googpub.png","datePublished":"2003-11-05T06:03:07Z","dateModified":"2019-03-30T21:45:31Z","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Oleo_Guadalupe_Victoria.PNG","headline":"first president of Mexico"(window.RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function()mw.config.set("wgBackendResponseTime":1926,"wgHostname":"mw1325"););

Popular posts from this blog

Францішак Багушэвіч Змест Сям'я | Біяграфія | Творчасць | Мова Багушэвіча | Ацэнкі дзейнасці | Цікавыя факты | Спадчына | Выбраная бібліяграфія | Ушанаванне памяці | У філатэліі | Зноскі | Літаратура | Спасылкі | НавігацыяЛяхоўскі У. Рупіўся дзеля Бога і людзей: Жыццёвы шлях Лявона Вітан-Дубейкаўскага // Вольскі і Памідораў з песняй пра немца Адвакат, паэт, народны заступнік Ашмянскі веснікВ Минске появится площадь Богушевича и улица Сырокомли, Белорусская деловая газета, 19 июля 2001 г.Айцец беларускай нацыянальнай ідэі паўстаў у бронзе Сяргей Аляксандравіч Адашкевіч (1918, Мінск). 80-я гады. Бюст «Францішак Багушэвіч».Яўген Мікалаевіч Ціхановіч. «Партрэт Францішка Багушэвіча»Мікола Мікалаевіч Купава. «Партрэт зачынальніка новай беларускай літаратуры Францішка Багушэвіча»Уладзімір Іванавіч Мелехаў. На помніку «Змагарам за родную мову» Барэльеф «Францішак Багушэвіч»Памяць пра Багушэвіча на Віленшчыне Страчаная сталіца. Беларускія шыльды на вуліцах Вільні«Krynica». Ideologia i przywódcy białoruskiego katolicyzmuФранцішак БагушэвічТворы на knihi.comТворы Францішка Багушэвіча на bellib.byСодаль Уладзімір. Францішак Багушэвіч на Лідчыне;Луцкевіч Антон. Жыцьцё і творчасьць Фр. Багушэвіча ў успамінах ягоных сучасьнікаў // Запісы Беларускага Навуковага таварыства. Вільня, 1938. Сшытак 1. С. 16-34.Большая российская1188761710000 0000 5537 633Xn9209310021619551927869394п

Беларусь Змест Назва Гісторыя Геаграфія Сімволіка Дзяржаўны лад Палітычныя партыі Міжнароднае становішча і знешняя палітыка Адміністрацыйны падзел Насельніцтва Эканоміка Культура і грамадства Сацыяльная сфера Узброеныя сілы Заўвагі Літаратура Спасылкі НавігацыяHGЯOiТоп-2011 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2013 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2016 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2017 г. (па версіі ej.by)Нацыянальны статыстычны камітэт Рэспублікі БеларусьШчыльнасць насельніцтва па краінахhttp://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/А. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Спробы засялення краю неандэртальскім чалавекам.І ў Менску былі мамантыА. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Старажытны каменны век (палеаліт). Першапачатковае засяленне тэрыторыіГ. Штыхаў. Балты і славяне ў VI—VIII стст.М. Клімаў. Полацкае княства ў IX—XI стст.Г. Штыхаў, В. Ляўко. Палітычная гісторыя Полацкай зямліГ. Штыхаў. Дзяржаўны лад у землях-княствахГ. Штыхаў. Дзяржаўны лад у землях-княствахБеларускія землі ў складзе Вялікага Княства ЛітоўскагаЛюблінская унія 1569 г."The Early Stages of Independence"Zapomniane prawdy25 гадоў таму было аб'яўлена, што Язэп Пілсудскі — беларус (фота)Наша вадаДакументы ЧАЭС: Забруджванне тэрыторыі Беларусі « ЧАЭС Зона адчужэнняСведения о политических партиях, зарегистрированных в Республике Беларусь // Министерство юстиции Республики БеларусьСтатыстычны бюлетэнь „Полаўзроставая структура насельніцтва Рэспублікі Беларусь на 1 студзеня 2012 года і сярэднегадовая колькасць насельніцтва за 2011 год“Индекс человеческого развития Беларуси — не было бы нижеБеларусь занимает первое место в СНГ по индексу развития с учетом гендерного факцёраНацыянальны статыстычны камітэт Рэспублікі БеларусьКанстытуцыя РБ. Артыкул 17Трансфармацыйныя задачы БеларусіВыйсце з крызісу — далейшае рэфармаванне Беларускі рубель — сусветны лідар па дэвальвацыяхПра змену коштаў у кастрычніку 2011 г.Бядней за беларусаў у СНД толькі таджыкіСярэдні заробак у верасні дасягнуў 2,26 мільёна рублёўЭканомікаГаласуем за ТОП-100 беларускай прозыСучасныя беларускія мастакіАрхитектура Беларуси BELARUS.BYА. Каханоўскі. Культура Беларусі ўсярэдзіне XVII—XVIII ст.Анталогія беларускай народнай песні, гуказапісы спеваўБеларускія Музычныя IнструментыБеларускі рок, які мы страцілі. Топ-10 гуртоў«Мясцовы час» — нязгаслая легенда беларускай рок-музыкіСЯРГЕЙ БУДКІН. МЫ НЯ ЗНАЕМ СВАЁЙ МУЗЫКІМ. А. Каладзінскі. НАРОДНЫ ТЭАТРМагнацкія культурныя цэнтрыПублічная дыскусія «Беларуская новая пьеса: без беларускай мовы ці беларуская?»Беларускія драматургі па-ранейшаму лепш ставяцца за мяжой, чым на радзіме«Працэс незалежнага кіно пайшоў, і дзяржаву турбуе яго непадкантрольнасць»Беларускія філосафы ў пошуках прасторыВсе идём в библиотекуАрхіваванаАб Нацыянальнай праграме даследавання і выкарыстання касмічнай прасторы ў мірных мэтах на 2008—2012 гадыУ космас — разам.У суседнім з Барысаўскім раёне пабудуюць Камандна-вымяральны пунктСвяты і абрады беларусаў«Мірныя бульбашы з малой краіны» — 5 непраўдзівых стэрэатыпаў пра БеларусьМ. Раманюк. Беларускае народнае адзеннеУ Беларусі скарачаецца колькасць злачынстваўЛукашэнка незадаволены мінскімі ўладамі Крадзяжы складаюць у Мінску каля 70% злачынстваў Узровень злачыннасці ў Мінскай вобласці — адзін з самых высокіх у краіне Генпракуратура аналізуе стан са злачыннасцю ў Беларусі па каэфіцыенце злачыннасці У Беларусі стабілізавалася крымінагеннае становішча, лічыць генпракурорЗамежнікі сталі здзяйсняць у Беларусі больш злачынстваўМУС Беларусі турбуе рост рэцыдыўнай злачыннасціЯ з ЖЭСа. Дазволіце вас абкрасці! Рэйтынг усіх службаў і падраздзяленняў ГУУС Мінгарвыканкама вырасАб КДБ РБГісторыя Аператыўна-аналітычнага цэнтра РБГісторыя ДКФРТаможняagentura.ruБеларусьBelarus.by — Афіцыйны сайт Рэспублікі БеларусьСайт урада БеларусіRadzima.org — Збор архітэктурных помнікаў, гісторыя Беларусі«Глобус Беларуси»Гербы и флаги БеларусиАсаблівасці каменнага веку на БеларусіА. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Старажытны каменны век (палеаліт). Першапачатковае засяленне тэрыторыіУ. Ксяндзоў. Сярэдні каменны век (мезаліт). Засяленне краю плямёнамі паляўнічых, рыбакоў і збіральнікаўА. Калечыц, М. Чарняўскі. Плямёны на тэрыторыі Беларусі ў новым каменным веку (неаліце)А. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў, М. Чарняўскі. Гаспадарчыя заняткі ў каменным векуЭ. Зайкоўскі. Духоўная культура ў каменным векуАсаблівасці бронзавага веку на БеларусіФарміраванне супольнасцей ранняга перыяду бронзавага векуФотографии БеларусиРоля беларускіх зямель ва ўтварэнні і ўмацаванні ВКЛВ. Фадзеева. З гісторыі развіцця беларускай народнай вышыўкіDMOZGran catalanaБольшая российскаяBritannica (анлайн)Швейцарскі гістарычны15325917611952699xDA123282154079143-90000 0001 2171 2080n9112870100577502ge128882171858027501086026362074122714179пппппп

ValueError: Expected n_neighbors <= n_samples, but n_samples = 1, n_neighbors = 6 (SMOTE) The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InCan SMOTE be applied over sequence of words (sentences)?ValueError when doing validation with random forestsSMOTE and multi class oversamplingLogic behind SMOTE-NC?ValueError: Error when checking target: expected dense_1 to have shape (7,) but got array with shape (1,)SmoteBoost: Should SMOTE be ran individually for each iteration/tree in the boosting?solving multi-class imbalance classification using smote and OSSUsing SMOTE for Synthetic Data generation to improve performance on unbalanced dataproblem of entry format for a simple model in KerasSVM SMOTE fit_resample() function runs forever with no result