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Can someone please explain what this sample function is upto?



Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara
Planned maintenance scheduled April 23, 2019 at 23:30 UTC (7:30pm US/Eastern)
2019 Moderator Election Q&A - Questionnaire
2019 Community Moderator Election ResultsCan someone explain the following error in my python code?How should I analyze this data from reddit (sample text included)What type of a problem is this?What Naive Bayes method is being used in this example?Please help me out with this Python error - 'invalid syntax'How can I prevent this model to learn more(less) :)))Can ReLU replace a Sigmoid Activation Function in Neural NetworkWhy xgboost can not deal with this simple sentence case?Can this be a case of multi-class skewness?










3












$begingroup$


So there is a function in Dino_Name_Generator at Deeplearning.ai notebook



def sample(parameters, char_to_ix, seed): 
# Retrieve parameters and relevant shapes from "parameters" dictionary
Waa, Wax, Wya, by, b = parameters['Waa'], parameters['Wax'],parameters['Wya'], parameters['by'], parameters['b']
vocab_size = by.shape[0]
n_a = Waa.shape[1]

### START CODE HERE ###
# Step 1: Create the one-hot vector x for the first character (initializing the sequence generation). (≈1 line)
x = np.zeros((vocab_size, 1))

# Step 1': Initialize a_prev as zeros (≈1 line)
a_prev = np.zeros((n_a, 1))

# Create an empty list of indices, this is the list which will contain the list of indices of the characters to generate (≈1 line)
indices = []

# Idx is a flag to detect a newline character, we initialize it to -1
idx = -1

# Loop over time-steps t. At each time-step, sample a character from a probability distribution and append
# its index to "indices". We'll stop if we reach 50 characters (which should be very unlikely with a well
# trained model), which helps debugging and prevents entering an infinite loop.
counter = 0
newline_character = char_to_ix['n']

while (idx != newline_character and counter != 50):

# Step 2: Forward propagate x using the equations (1), (2) and (3)
a = np.tanh(np.dot(Wax, x) + np.dot(Waa, a_prev) + b)
z = np.dot(Wya, a) + by
y = softmax(z)

# for grading purposes
np.random.seed(counter+seed)

# Step 3: Sample the index of a character within the vocabulary from the probability distribution y
idx = np.random.choice(vocab_size, size=None, p = y.ravel())

# Append the index to "indices"
indices.append(idx)

# Step 4: Overwrite the input character as the one corresponding to the sampled index.
x = np.zeros((vocab_size, 1))
x[[idx]] = 1

# Update "a_prev" to be "a"
a_prev = a

# for grading purposes
seed += 1
counter +=1


### END CODE HERE ###

if (counter == 50):
indices.append(char_to_ix['n'])

return indices


Can someone please help and explain what benefit of returned indices over normal char_to_integer indices?



I want to understand the text processing in the link carried out before feeding into the network.










share|improve this question











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bumped to the homepage by Community 24 mins ago


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    3












    $begingroup$


    So there is a function in Dino_Name_Generator at Deeplearning.ai notebook



    def sample(parameters, char_to_ix, seed): 
    # Retrieve parameters and relevant shapes from "parameters" dictionary
    Waa, Wax, Wya, by, b = parameters['Waa'], parameters['Wax'],parameters['Wya'], parameters['by'], parameters['b']
    vocab_size = by.shape[0]
    n_a = Waa.shape[1]

    ### START CODE HERE ###
    # Step 1: Create the one-hot vector x for the first character (initializing the sequence generation). (≈1 line)
    x = np.zeros((vocab_size, 1))

    # Step 1': Initialize a_prev as zeros (≈1 line)
    a_prev = np.zeros((n_a, 1))

    # Create an empty list of indices, this is the list which will contain the list of indices of the characters to generate (≈1 line)
    indices = []

    # Idx is a flag to detect a newline character, we initialize it to -1
    idx = -1

    # Loop over time-steps t. At each time-step, sample a character from a probability distribution and append
    # its index to "indices". We'll stop if we reach 50 characters (which should be very unlikely with a well
    # trained model), which helps debugging and prevents entering an infinite loop.
    counter = 0
    newline_character = char_to_ix['n']

    while (idx != newline_character and counter != 50):

    # Step 2: Forward propagate x using the equations (1), (2) and (3)
    a = np.tanh(np.dot(Wax, x) + np.dot(Waa, a_prev) + b)
    z = np.dot(Wya, a) + by
    y = softmax(z)

    # for grading purposes
    np.random.seed(counter+seed)

    # Step 3: Sample the index of a character within the vocabulary from the probability distribution y
    idx = np.random.choice(vocab_size, size=None, p = y.ravel())

    # Append the index to "indices"
    indices.append(idx)

    # Step 4: Overwrite the input character as the one corresponding to the sampled index.
    x = np.zeros((vocab_size, 1))
    x[[idx]] = 1

    # Update "a_prev" to be "a"
    a_prev = a

    # for grading purposes
    seed += 1
    counter +=1


    ### END CODE HERE ###

    if (counter == 50):
    indices.append(char_to_ix['n'])

    return indices


    Can someone please help and explain what benefit of returned indices over normal char_to_integer indices?



    I want to understand the text processing in the link carried out before feeding into the network.










    share|improve this question











    $endgroup$




    bumped to the homepage by Community 24 mins ago


    This question has answers that may be good or bad; the system has marked it active so that they can be reviewed.

















      3












      3








      3





      $begingroup$


      So there is a function in Dino_Name_Generator at Deeplearning.ai notebook



      def sample(parameters, char_to_ix, seed): 
      # Retrieve parameters and relevant shapes from "parameters" dictionary
      Waa, Wax, Wya, by, b = parameters['Waa'], parameters['Wax'],parameters['Wya'], parameters['by'], parameters['b']
      vocab_size = by.shape[0]
      n_a = Waa.shape[1]

      ### START CODE HERE ###
      # Step 1: Create the one-hot vector x for the first character (initializing the sequence generation). (≈1 line)
      x = np.zeros((vocab_size, 1))

      # Step 1': Initialize a_prev as zeros (≈1 line)
      a_prev = np.zeros((n_a, 1))

      # Create an empty list of indices, this is the list which will contain the list of indices of the characters to generate (≈1 line)
      indices = []

      # Idx is a flag to detect a newline character, we initialize it to -1
      idx = -1

      # Loop over time-steps t. At each time-step, sample a character from a probability distribution and append
      # its index to "indices". We'll stop if we reach 50 characters (which should be very unlikely with a well
      # trained model), which helps debugging and prevents entering an infinite loop.
      counter = 0
      newline_character = char_to_ix['n']

      while (idx != newline_character and counter != 50):

      # Step 2: Forward propagate x using the equations (1), (2) and (3)
      a = np.tanh(np.dot(Wax, x) + np.dot(Waa, a_prev) + b)
      z = np.dot(Wya, a) + by
      y = softmax(z)

      # for grading purposes
      np.random.seed(counter+seed)

      # Step 3: Sample the index of a character within the vocabulary from the probability distribution y
      idx = np.random.choice(vocab_size, size=None, p = y.ravel())

      # Append the index to "indices"
      indices.append(idx)

      # Step 4: Overwrite the input character as the one corresponding to the sampled index.
      x = np.zeros((vocab_size, 1))
      x[[idx]] = 1

      # Update "a_prev" to be "a"
      a_prev = a

      # for grading purposes
      seed += 1
      counter +=1


      ### END CODE HERE ###

      if (counter == 50):
      indices.append(char_to_ix['n'])

      return indices


      Can someone please help and explain what benefit of returned indices over normal char_to_integer indices?



      I want to understand the text processing in the link carried out before feeding into the network.










      share|improve this question











      $endgroup$




      So there is a function in Dino_Name_Generator at Deeplearning.ai notebook



      def sample(parameters, char_to_ix, seed): 
      # Retrieve parameters and relevant shapes from "parameters" dictionary
      Waa, Wax, Wya, by, b = parameters['Waa'], parameters['Wax'],parameters['Wya'], parameters['by'], parameters['b']
      vocab_size = by.shape[0]
      n_a = Waa.shape[1]

      ### START CODE HERE ###
      # Step 1: Create the one-hot vector x for the first character (initializing the sequence generation). (≈1 line)
      x = np.zeros((vocab_size, 1))

      # Step 1': Initialize a_prev as zeros (≈1 line)
      a_prev = np.zeros((n_a, 1))

      # Create an empty list of indices, this is the list which will contain the list of indices of the characters to generate (≈1 line)
      indices = []

      # Idx is a flag to detect a newline character, we initialize it to -1
      idx = -1

      # Loop over time-steps t. At each time-step, sample a character from a probability distribution and append
      # its index to "indices". We'll stop if we reach 50 characters (which should be very unlikely with a well
      # trained model), which helps debugging and prevents entering an infinite loop.
      counter = 0
      newline_character = char_to_ix['n']

      while (idx != newline_character and counter != 50):

      # Step 2: Forward propagate x using the equations (1), (2) and (3)
      a = np.tanh(np.dot(Wax, x) + np.dot(Waa, a_prev) + b)
      z = np.dot(Wya, a) + by
      y = softmax(z)

      # for grading purposes
      np.random.seed(counter+seed)

      # Step 3: Sample the index of a character within the vocabulary from the probability distribution y
      idx = np.random.choice(vocab_size, size=None, p = y.ravel())

      # Append the index to "indices"
      indices.append(idx)

      # Step 4: Overwrite the input character as the one corresponding to the sampled index.
      x = np.zeros((vocab_size, 1))
      x[[idx]] = 1

      # Update "a_prev" to be "a"
      a_prev = a

      # for grading purposes
      seed += 1
      counter +=1


      ### END CODE HERE ###

      if (counter == 50):
      indices.append(char_to_ix['n'])

      return indices


      Can someone please help and explain what benefit of returned indices over normal char_to_integer indices?



      I want to understand the text processing in the link carried out before feeding into the network.







      python data-cleaning probability numpy text-generation






      share|improve this question















      share|improve this question













      share|improve this question




      share|improve this question








      edited Sep 20 '18 at 21:58







      thanatoz

















      asked Sep 20 '18 at 21:34









      thanatozthanatoz

      684421




      684421





      bumped to the homepage by Community 24 mins ago


      This question has answers that may be good or bad; the system has marked it active so that they can be reviewed.







      bumped to the homepage by Community 24 mins ago


      This question has answers that may be good or bad; the system has marked it active so that they can be reviewed.






















          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          0












          $begingroup$

          From the link you provided:




          Sample a sequence of characters according to a sequence of probability
          distributions output of the RNN



          Arguments:
          parameters -- python dictionary containing the parameters Waa, Wax, Wya, by, and b.
          char_to_ix -- python dictionary mapping each character to an index.



          Returns:
          indices -- a list of length n containing the indices of the sampled characters




          You are returning the indices from a dictionary you gave as argument. Why should you use char_to_integer indices.






          share|improve this answer











          $endgroup$












          • $begingroup$
            I want to understand how this returned indices are transforming text data entered for feeding it into the network?
            $endgroup$
            – thanatoz
            Sep 20 '18 at 21:55












          Your Answer








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          1 Answer
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          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

          votes






          active

          oldest

          votes









          0












          $begingroup$

          From the link you provided:




          Sample a sequence of characters according to a sequence of probability
          distributions output of the RNN



          Arguments:
          parameters -- python dictionary containing the parameters Waa, Wax, Wya, by, and b.
          char_to_ix -- python dictionary mapping each character to an index.



          Returns:
          indices -- a list of length n containing the indices of the sampled characters




          You are returning the indices from a dictionary you gave as argument. Why should you use char_to_integer indices.






          share|improve this answer











          $endgroup$












          • $begingroup$
            I want to understand how this returned indices are transforming text data entered for feeding it into the network?
            $endgroup$
            – thanatoz
            Sep 20 '18 at 21:55
















          0












          $begingroup$

          From the link you provided:




          Sample a sequence of characters according to a sequence of probability
          distributions output of the RNN



          Arguments:
          parameters -- python dictionary containing the parameters Waa, Wax, Wya, by, and b.
          char_to_ix -- python dictionary mapping each character to an index.



          Returns:
          indices -- a list of length n containing the indices of the sampled characters




          You are returning the indices from a dictionary you gave as argument. Why should you use char_to_integer indices.






          share|improve this answer











          $endgroup$












          • $begingroup$
            I want to understand how this returned indices are transforming text data entered for feeding it into the network?
            $endgroup$
            – thanatoz
            Sep 20 '18 at 21:55














          0












          0








          0





          $begingroup$

          From the link you provided:




          Sample a sequence of characters according to a sequence of probability
          distributions output of the RNN



          Arguments:
          parameters -- python dictionary containing the parameters Waa, Wax, Wya, by, and b.
          char_to_ix -- python dictionary mapping each character to an index.



          Returns:
          indices -- a list of length n containing the indices of the sampled characters




          You are returning the indices from a dictionary you gave as argument. Why should you use char_to_integer indices.






          share|improve this answer











          $endgroup$



          From the link you provided:




          Sample a sequence of characters according to a sequence of probability
          distributions output of the RNN



          Arguments:
          parameters -- python dictionary containing the parameters Waa, Wax, Wya, by, and b.
          char_to_ix -- python dictionary mapping each character to an index.



          Returns:
          indices -- a list of length n containing the indices of the sampled characters




          You are returning the indices from a dictionary you gave as argument. Why should you use char_to_integer indices.







          share|improve this answer














          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer








          edited Sep 20 '18 at 21:56

























          answered Sep 20 '18 at 21:49









          Francesco PegoraroFrancesco Pegoraro

          614118




          614118











          • $begingroup$
            I want to understand how this returned indices are transforming text data entered for feeding it into the network?
            $endgroup$
            – thanatoz
            Sep 20 '18 at 21:55

















          • $begingroup$
            I want to understand how this returned indices are transforming text data entered for feeding it into the network?
            $endgroup$
            – thanatoz
            Sep 20 '18 at 21:55
















          $begingroup$
          I want to understand how this returned indices are transforming text data entered for feeding it into the network?
          $endgroup$
          – thanatoz
          Sep 20 '18 at 21:55





          $begingroup$
          I want to understand how this returned indices are transforming text data entered for feeding it into the network?
          $endgroup$
          – thanatoz
          Sep 20 '18 at 21:55


















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          ValueError: Expected n_neighbors <= n_samples, but n_samples = 1, n_neighbors = 6 (SMOTE) The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InCan SMOTE be applied over sequence of words (sentences)?ValueError when doing validation with random forestsSMOTE and multi class oversamplingLogic behind SMOTE-NC?ValueError: Error when checking target: expected dense_1 to have shape (7,) but got array with shape (1,)SmoteBoost: Should SMOTE be ran individually for each iteration/tree in the boosting?solving multi-class imbalance classification using smote and OSSUsing SMOTE for Synthetic Data generation to improve performance on unbalanced dataproblem of entry format for a simple model in KerasSVM SMOTE fit_resample() function runs forever with no result