What do these terms in Caesar's Gallic wars mean? The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InJulius Caesar's view on Celts and GermansWhat age were these Britons in A.D. 43?Who were these two conspirators against Titus?What did Richelieu mean by his “six lines” quote?Gaulish logistics during Caesar's invasionWhat allowed or prevented Roman conquest in terms of population, climate and geography?What did Winston Churchill mean by this quote?What happened to these buildings near the Seine?What are the dates of these panoramas of Paris?What are these cubbies?

What do these terms in Caesar's Gallic wars mean?

How to type a long/em dash `—`

APIPA and LAN Broadcast Domain

Flight paths in orbit around Ceres?

What is the most efficient way to store a numeric range?

Is it ok to offer lower paid work as a trial period before negotiating for a full-time job?

Why can't devices on different VLANs, but on the same subnet, communicate?

How do I free up internal storage if I don't have any apps downloaded?

Kerning for subscripts of sigma?

Correct punctuation for showing a character's confusion

Is an up-to-date browser secure on an out-of-date OS?

Deal with toxic manager when you can't quit

Did the UK government pay "millions and millions of dollars" to try to snag Julian Assange?

The phrase "to the numbers born"?

What is the light source in the black hole images?

Button changing its text & action. Good or terrible?

Why couldn't they take pictures of a closer black hole?

Why “相同意思的词” is called “同义词” instead of "同意词"?

Old scifi movie from the 50s or 60s with men in solid red uniforms who interrogate a spy from the past

Pokemon Turn Based battle (Python)

What information about me do stores get via my credit card?

How come people say “Would of”?

Star Trek - X-shaped Item on Regula/Orbital Office Starbases

Is it ethical to upload a automatically generated paper to a non peer-reviewed site as part of a larger research?



What do these terms in Caesar's Gallic wars mean?



The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InJulius Caesar's view on Celts and GermansWhat age were these Britons in A.D. 43?Who were these two conspirators against Titus?What did Richelieu mean by his “six lines” quote?Gaulish logistics during Caesar's invasionWhat allowed or prevented Roman conquest in terms of population, climate and geography?What did Winston Churchill mean by this quote?What happened to these buildings near the Seine?What are the dates of these panoramas of Paris?What are these cubbies?










2















In his Comentarii de bello Gallico, Ceasar writes this on first page:




The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.




How to interpret rising setting/rising sun and North star, they don't make sense as East/West and North ?



What does 'look towards' mean ?










share|improve this question



















  • 2





    I'm not sure what doesn't make sense. The region between the north star and the rising sun is "Northeast", the region between the north star and the setting sun is "Northwest". Can you explain your confusion?

    – Mark C. Wallace
    8 hours ago












  • Okay , i was thinking only in four directions

    – Shlok Vaibhav
    7 hours ago











  • Of course Caesar did not write this: some translator did. Maybe you should ask latin.stackexchange.com for help.

    – kimchi lover
    6 hours ago















2















In his Comentarii de bello Gallico, Ceasar writes this on first page:




The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.




How to interpret rising setting/rising sun and North star, they don't make sense as East/West and North ?



What does 'look towards' mean ?










share|improve this question



















  • 2





    I'm not sure what doesn't make sense. The region between the north star and the rising sun is "Northeast", the region between the north star and the setting sun is "Northwest". Can you explain your confusion?

    – Mark C. Wallace
    8 hours ago












  • Okay , i was thinking only in four directions

    – Shlok Vaibhav
    7 hours ago











  • Of course Caesar did not write this: some translator did. Maybe you should ask latin.stackexchange.com for help.

    – kimchi lover
    6 hours ago













2












2








2








In his Comentarii de bello Gallico, Ceasar writes this on first page:




The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.




How to interpret rising setting/rising sun and North star, they don't make sense as East/West and North ?



What does 'look towards' mean ?










share|improve this question
















In his Comentarii de bello Gallico, Ceasar writes this on first page:




The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.




How to interpret rising setting/rising sun and North star, they don't make sense as East/West and North ?



What does 'look towards' mean ?







roman-empire france julius-caesar latin-language






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited 7 hours ago







Shlok Vaibhav

















asked 8 hours ago









Shlok VaibhavShlok Vaibhav

838




838







  • 2





    I'm not sure what doesn't make sense. The region between the north star and the rising sun is "Northeast", the region between the north star and the setting sun is "Northwest". Can you explain your confusion?

    – Mark C. Wallace
    8 hours ago












  • Okay , i was thinking only in four directions

    – Shlok Vaibhav
    7 hours ago











  • Of course Caesar did not write this: some translator did. Maybe you should ask latin.stackexchange.com for help.

    – kimchi lover
    6 hours ago












  • 2





    I'm not sure what doesn't make sense. The region between the north star and the rising sun is "Northeast", the region between the north star and the setting sun is "Northwest". Can you explain your confusion?

    – Mark C. Wallace
    8 hours ago












  • Okay , i was thinking only in four directions

    – Shlok Vaibhav
    7 hours ago











  • Of course Caesar did not write this: some translator did. Maybe you should ask latin.stackexchange.com for help.

    – kimchi lover
    6 hours ago







2




2





I'm not sure what doesn't make sense. The region between the north star and the rising sun is "Northeast", the region between the north star and the setting sun is "Northwest". Can you explain your confusion?

– Mark C. Wallace
8 hours ago






I'm not sure what doesn't make sense. The region between the north star and the rising sun is "Northeast", the region between the north star and the setting sun is "Northwest". Can you explain your confusion?

– Mark C. Wallace
8 hours ago














Okay , i was thinking only in four directions

– Shlok Vaibhav
7 hours ago





Okay , i was thinking only in four directions

– Shlok Vaibhav
7 hours ago













Of course Caesar did not write this: some translator did. Maybe you should ask latin.stackexchange.com for help.

– kimchi lover
6 hours ago





Of course Caesar did not write this: some translator did. Maybe you should ask latin.stackexchange.com for help.

– kimchi lover
6 hours ago










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















9














It is, perhaps easier to understand when compared with a map:



Gaul in the time of Caesar



  • image source Wikimedia CC BY-SA 4.0


Now, Caesar's meaning should be a little more clear. When he says:




"The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun"




We can see that the territory of the Belgae extends from the frontier of Gaul furthest from Rome to the River Rhine in the South, and has a third border running northeast ("to the north and the rising sun").



It may seem a little confusing because the territory of the Belgae was roughly triangular, and so had only three borders.




Similarly, the territory of Aquitania, which




"extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star."




is bordered by the River Garonne, the Pyrenees and the ocean, with the fourth (northern) border running north-west ("between the setting of the sun, and the north star").




More generally, East is where the Sun rises, West is where it sets, and the North Star is in the north. Points between those on the compass would be North-east ("between the north star and the rising sun"), and North-west ("between the setting of the sun, and the north star").




It's also worth noting that translation from Latin to English (or, more generally, between any two languages) involves the translator making choices and interpretations.



My Latin copy of De bello Gallico has the following (emphasis mine):




"Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem."




and




"Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et ad eam partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones."




Now, I quite like the 'standard' translation you quoted (it has a nice, poetic, ring), but alternate translations are certainly possible. However, whatever precise translation is preferred, the meaning of the text appears clear, as I described above.






share|improve this answer

























  • Thanks, for aquitane I am still confused, suppose i am in aquitane, to my west is Bay of Biscay, to south are Pyrenees, to North and east are Garonne river, what remains for North-west ?

    – Shlok Vaibhav
    4 hours ago











  • @ShlokVaibhav Caesar is describing the borders of Aquitaine. The northern border ran from north to west (i.e. in a northwesterly direction - see the map in the answer). Beyond that was Gaul (or 'Celtic Gaul' on the map), distinct from Gallia Narbonensis ('Prov Romana' on the map) which was beyond the Garonne to the west.

    – sempaiscuba
    3 hours ago











  • Great answer, but I think it should read "ad eaM partem Oceani" and not "ad eaRN partem Oceani". Oh, and "fiumine" should be "flumine" in "a Garumna flumine".

    – Gregory Higley
    2 hours ago







  • 1





    @GregoryHigley Thank you. I've corrected them. The first was due to autocorrect, but the second was entirely down to me (big fingers, small screen/keyboard!).

    – sempaiscuba
    2 hours ago











Your Answer








StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "324"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);

else
createEditor();

);

function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);



);













draft saved

draft discarded


















StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fhistory.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f52059%2fwhat-do-these-terms-in-caesars-gallic-wars-mean%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown

























1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









9














It is, perhaps easier to understand when compared with a map:



Gaul in the time of Caesar



  • image source Wikimedia CC BY-SA 4.0


Now, Caesar's meaning should be a little more clear. When he says:




"The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun"




We can see that the territory of the Belgae extends from the frontier of Gaul furthest from Rome to the River Rhine in the South, and has a third border running northeast ("to the north and the rising sun").



It may seem a little confusing because the territory of the Belgae was roughly triangular, and so had only three borders.




Similarly, the territory of Aquitania, which




"extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star."




is bordered by the River Garonne, the Pyrenees and the ocean, with the fourth (northern) border running north-west ("between the setting of the sun, and the north star").




More generally, East is where the Sun rises, West is where it sets, and the North Star is in the north. Points between those on the compass would be North-east ("between the north star and the rising sun"), and North-west ("between the setting of the sun, and the north star").




It's also worth noting that translation from Latin to English (or, more generally, between any two languages) involves the translator making choices and interpretations.



My Latin copy of De bello Gallico has the following (emphasis mine):




"Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem."




and




"Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et ad eam partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones."




Now, I quite like the 'standard' translation you quoted (it has a nice, poetic, ring), but alternate translations are certainly possible. However, whatever precise translation is preferred, the meaning of the text appears clear, as I described above.






share|improve this answer

























  • Thanks, for aquitane I am still confused, suppose i am in aquitane, to my west is Bay of Biscay, to south are Pyrenees, to North and east are Garonne river, what remains for North-west ?

    – Shlok Vaibhav
    4 hours ago











  • @ShlokVaibhav Caesar is describing the borders of Aquitaine. The northern border ran from north to west (i.e. in a northwesterly direction - see the map in the answer). Beyond that was Gaul (or 'Celtic Gaul' on the map), distinct from Gallia Narbonensis ('Prov Romana' on the map) which was beyond the Garonne to the west.

    – sempaiscuba
    3 hours ago











  • Great answer, but I think it should read "ad eaM partem Oceani" and not "ad eaRN partem Oceani". Oh, and "fiumine" should be "flumine" in "a Garumna flumine".

    – Gregory Higley
    2 hours ago







  • 1





    @GregoryHigley Thank you. I've corrected them. The first was due to autocorrect, but the second was entirely down to me (big fingers, small screen/keyboard!).

    – sempaiscuba
    2 hours ago















9














It is, perhaps easier to understand when compared with a map:



Gaul in the time of Caesar



  • image source Wikimedia CC BY-SA 4.0


Now, Caesar's meaning should be a little more clear. When he says:




"The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun"




We can see that the territory of the Belgae extends from the frontier of Gaul furthest from Rome to the River Rhine in the South, and has a third border running northeast ("to the north and the rising sun").



It may seem a little confusing because the territory of the Belgae was roughly triangular, and so had only three borders.




Similarly, the territory of Aquitania, which




"extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star."




is bordered by the River Garonne, the Pyrenees and the ocean, with the fourth (northern) border running north-west ("between the setting of the sun, and the north star").




More generally, East is where the Sun rises, West is where it sets, and the North Star is in the north. Points between those on the compass would be North-east ("between the north star and the rising sun"), and North-west ("between the setting of the sun, and the north star").




It's also worth noting that translation from Latin to English (or, more generally, between any two languages) involves the translator making choices and interpretations.



My Latin copy of De bello Gallico has the following (emphasis mine):




"Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem."




and




"Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et ad eam partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones."




Now, I quite like the 'standard' translation you quoted (it has a nice, poetic, ring), but alternate translations are certainly possible. However, whatever precise translation is preferred, the meaning of the text appears clear, as I described above.






share|improve this answer

























  • Thanks, for aquitane I am still confused, suppose i am in aquitane, to my west is Bay of Biscay, to south are Pyrenees, to North and east are Garonne river, what remains for North-west ?

    – Shlok Vaibhav
    4 hours ago











  • @ShlokVaibhav Caesar is describing the borders of Aquitaine. The northern border ran from north to west (i.e. in a northwesterly direction - see the map in the answer). Beyond that was Gaul (or 'Celtic Gaul' on the map), distinct from Gallia Narbonensis ('Prov Romana' on the map) which was beyond the Garonne to the west.

    – sempaiscuba
    3 hours ago











  • Great answer, but I think it should read "ad eaM partem Oceani" and not "ad eaRN partem Oceani". Oh, and "fiumine" should be "flumine" in "a Garumna flumine".

    – Gregory Higley
    2 hours ago







  • 1





    @GregoryHigley Thank you. I've corrected them. The first was due to autocorrect, but the second was entirely down to me (big fingers, small screen/keyboard!).

    – sempaiscuba
    2 hours ago













9












9








9







It is, perhaps easier to understand when compared with a map:



Gaul in the time of Caesar



  • image source Wikimedia CC BY-SA 4.0


Now, Caesar's meaning should be a little more clear. When he says:




"The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun"




We can see that the territory of the Belgae extends from the frontier of Gaul furthest from Rome to the River Rhine in the South, and has a third border running northeast ("to the north and the rising sun").



It may seem a little confusing because the territory of the Belgae was roughly triangular, and so had only three borders.




Similarly, the territory of Aquitania, which




"extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star."




is bordered by the River Garonne, the Pyrenees and the ocean, with the fourth (northern) border running north-west ("between the setting of the sun, and the north star").




More generally, East is where the Sun rises, West is where it sets, and the North Star is in the north. Points between those on the compass would be North-east ("between the north star and the rising sun"), and North-west ("between the setting of the sun, and the north star").




It's also worth noting that translation from Latin to English (or, more generally, between any two languages) involves the translator making choices and interpretations.



My Latin copy of De bello Gallico has the following (emphasis mine):




"Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem."




and




"Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et ad eam partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones."




Now, I quite like the 'standard' translation you quoted (it has a nice, poetic, ring), but alternate translations are certainly possible. However, whatever precise translation is preferred, the meaning of the text appears clear, as I described above.






share|improve this answer















It is, perhaps easier to understand when compared with a map:



Gaul in the time of Caesar



  • image source Wikimedia CC BY-SA 4.0


Now, Caesar's meaning should be a little more clear. When he says:




"The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun"




We can see that the territory of the Belgae extends from the frontier of Gaul furthest from Rome to the River Rhine in the South, and has a third border running northeast ("to the north and the rising sun").



It may seem a little confusing because the territory of the Belgae was roughly triangular, and so had only three borders.




Similarly, the territory of Aquitania, which




"extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star."




is bordered by the River Garonne, the Pyrenees and the ocean, with the fourth (northern) border running north-west ("between the setting of the sun, and the north star").




More generally, East is where the Sun rises, West is where it sets, and the North Star is in the north. Points between those on the compass would be North-east ("between the north star and the rising sun"), and North-west ("between the setting of the sun, and the north star").




It's also worth noting that translation from Latin to English (or, more generally, between any two languages) involves the translator making choices and interpretations.



My Latin copy of De bello Gallico has the following (emphasis mine):




"Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem."




and




"Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et ad eam partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones."




Now, I quite like the 'standard' translation you quoted (it has a nice, poetic, ring), but alternate translations are certainly possible. However, whatever precise translation is preferred, the meaning of the text appears clear, as I described above.







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited 2 hours ago

























answered 7 hours ago









sempaiscubasempaiscuba

53.9k6186234




53.9k6186234












  • Thanks, for aquitane I am still confused, suppose i am in aquitane, to my west is Bay of Biscay, to south are Pyrenees, to North and east are Garonne river, what remains for North-west ?

    – Shlok Vaibhav
    4 hours ago











  • @ShlokVaibhav Caesar is describing the borders of Aquitaine. The northern border ran from north to west (i.e. in a northwesterly direction - see the map in the answer). Beyond that was Gaul (or 'Celtic Gaul' on the map), distinct from Gallia Narbonensis ('Prov Romana' on the map) which was beyond the Garonne to the west.

    – sempaiscuba
    3 hours ago











  • Great answer, but I think it should read "ad eaM partem Oceani" and not "ad eaRN partem Oceani". Oh, and "fiumine" should be "flumine" in "a Garumna flumine".

    – Gregory Higley
    2 hours ago







  • 1





    @GregoryHigley Thank you. I've corrected them. The first was due to autocorrect, but the second was entirely down to me (big fingers, small screen/keyboard!).

    – sempaiscuba
    2 hours ago

















  • Thanks, for aquitane I am still confused, suppose i am in aquitane, to my west is Bay of Biscay, to south are Pyrenees, to North and east are Garonne river, what remains for North-west ?

    – Shlok Vaibhav
    4 hours ago











  • @ShlokVaibhav Caesar is describing the borders of Aquitaine. The northern border ran from north to west (i.e. in a northwesterly direction - see the map in the answer). Beyond that was Gaul (or 'Celtic Gaul' on the map), distinct from Gallia Narbonensis ('Prov Romana' on the map) which was beyond the Garonne to the west.

    – sempaiscuba
    3 hours ago











  • Great answer, but I think it should read "ad eaM partem Oceani" and not "ad eaRN partem Oceani". Oh, and "fiumine" should be "flumine" in "a Garumna flumine".

    – Gregory Higley
    2 hours ago







  • 1





    @GregoryHigley Thank you. I've corrected them. The first was due to autocorrect, but the second was entirely down to me (big fingers, small screen/keyboard!).

    – sempaiscuba
    2 hours ago
















Thanks, for aquitane I am still confused, suppose i am in aquitane, to my west is Bay of Biscay, to south are Pyrenees, to North and east are Garonne river, what remains for North-west ?

– Shlok Vaibhav
4 hours ago





Thanks, for aquitane I am still confused, suppose i am in aquitane, to my west is Bay of Biscay, to south are Pyrenees, to North and east are Garonne river, what remains for North-west ?

– Shlok Vaibhav
4 hours ago













@ShlokVaibhav Caesar is describing the borders of Aquitaine. The northern border ran from north to west (i.e. in a northwesterly direction - see the map in the answer). Beyond that was Gaul (or 'Celtic Gaul' on the map), distinct from Gallia Narbonensis ('Prov Romana' on the map) which was beyond the Garonne to the west.

– sempaiscuba
3 hours ago





@ShlokVaibhav Caesar is describing the borders of Aquitaine. The northern border ran from north to west (i.e. in a northwesterly direction - see the map in the answer). Beyond that was Gaul (or 'Celtic Gaul' on the map), distinct from Gallia Narbonensis ('Prov Romana' on the map) which was beyond the Garonne to the west.

– sempaiscuba
3 hours ago













Great answer, but I think it should read "ad eaM partem Oceani" and not "ad eaRN partem Oceani". Oh, and "fiumine" should be "flumine" in "a Garumna flumine".

– Gregory Higley
2 hours ago






Great answer, but I think it should read "ad eaM partem Oceani" and not "ad eaRN partem Oceani". Oh, and "fiumine" should be "flumine" in "a Garumna flumine".

– Gregory Higley
2 hours ago





1




1





@GregoryHigley Thank you. I've corrected them. The first was due to autocorrect, but the second was entirely down to me (big fingers, small screen/keyboard!).

– sempaiscuba
2 hours ago





@GregoryHigley Thank you. I've corrected them. The first was due to autocorrect, but the second was entirely down to me (big fingers, small screen/keyboard!).

– sempaiscuba
2 hours ago

















draft saved

draft discarded
















































Thanks for contributing an answer to History Stack Exchange!


  • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

But avoid


  • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

  • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




draft saved


draft discarded














StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fhistory.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f52059%2fwhat-do-these-terms-in-caesars-gallic-wars-mean%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown





















































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown

































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown







Popular posts from this blog

Францішак Багушэвіч Змест Сям'я | Біяграфія | Творчасць | Мова Багушэвіча | Ацэнкі дзейнасці | Цікавыя факты | Спадчына | Выбраная бібліяграфія | Ушанаванне памяці | У філатэліі | Зноскі | Літаратура | Спасылкі | НавігацыяЛяхоўскі У. Рупіўся дзеля Бога і людзей: Жыццёвы шлях Лявона Вітан-Дубейкаўскага // Вольскі і Памідораў з песняй пра немца Адвакат, паэт, народны заступнік Ашмянскі веснікВ Минске появится площадь Богушевича и улица Сырокомли, Белорусская деловая газета, 19 июля 2001 г.Айцец беларускай нацыянальнай ідэі паўстаў у бронзе Сяргей Аляксандравіч Адашкевіч (1918, Мінск). 80-я гады. Бюст «Францішак Багушэвіч».Яўген Мікалаевіч Ціхановіч. «Партрэт Францішка Багушэвіча»Мікола Мікалаевіч Купава. «Партрэт зачынальніка новай беларускай літаратуры Францішка Багушэвіча»Уладзімір Іванавіч Мелехаў. На помніку «Змагарам за родную мову» Барэльеф «Францішак Багушэвіч»Памяць пра Багушэвіча на Віленшчыне Страчаная сталіца. Беларускія шыльды на вуліцах Вільні«Krynica». Ideologia i przywódcy białoruskiego katolicyzmuФранцішак БагушэвічТворы на knihi.comТворы Францішка Багушэвіча на bellib.byСодаль Уладзімір. Францішак Багушэвіч на Лідчыне;Луцкевіч Антон. Жыцьцё і творчасьць Фр. Багушэвіча ў успамінах ягоных сучасьнікаў // Запісы Беларускага Навуковага таварыства. Вільня, 1938. Сшытак 1. С. 16-34.Большая российская1188761710000 0000 5537 633Xn9209310021619551927869394п

Беларусь Змест Назва Гісторыя Геаграфія Сімволіка Дзяржаўны лад Палітычныя партыі Міжнароднае становішча і знешняя палітыка Адміністрацыйны падзел Насельніцтва Эканоміка Культура і грамадства Сацыяльная сфера Узброеныя сілы Заўвагі Літаратура Спасылкі НавігацыяHGЯOiТоп-2011 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2013 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2016 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2017 г. (па версіі ej.by)Нацыянальны статыстычны камітэт Рэспублікі БеларусьШчыльнасць насельніцтва па краінахhttp://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/А. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Спробы засялення краю неандэртальскім чалавекам.І ў Менску былі мамантыА. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Старажытны каменны век (палеаліт). Першапачатковае засяленне тэрыторыіГ. Штыхаў. Балты і славяне ў VI—VIII стст.М. Клімаў. Полацкае княства ў IX—XI стст.Г. Штыхаў, В. Ляўко. Палітычная гісторыя Полацкай зямліГ. Штыхаў. Дзяржаўны лад у землях-княствахГ. Штыхаў. Дзяржаўны лад у землях-княствахБеларускія землі ў складзе Вялікага Княства ЛітоўскагаЛюблінская унія 1569 г."The Early Stages of Independence"Zapomniane prawdy25 гадоў таму было аб'яўлена, што Язэп Пілсудскі — беларус (фота)Наша вадаДакументы ЧАЭС: Забруджванне тэрыторыі Беларусі « ЧАЭС Зона адчужэнняСведения о политических партиях, зарегистрированных в Республике Беларусь // Министерство юстиции Республики БеларусьСтатыстычны бюлетэнь „Полаўзроставая структура насельніцтва Рэспублікі Беларусь на 1 студзеня 2012 года і сярэднегадовая колькасць насельніцтва за 2011 год“Индекс человеческого развития Беларуси — не было бы нижеБеларусь занимает первое место в СНГ по индексу развития с учетом гендерного факцёраНацыянальны статыстычны камітэт Рэспублікі БеларусьКанстытуцыя РБ. Артыкул 17Трансфармацыйныя задачы БеларусіВыйсце з крызісу — далейшае рэфармаванне Беларускі рубель — сусветны лідар па дэвальвацыяхПра змену коштаў у кастрычніку 2011 г.Бядней за беларусаў у СНД толькі таджыкіСярэдні заробак у верасні дасягнуў 2,26 мільёна рублёўЭканомікаГаласуем за ТОП-100 беларускай прозыСучасныя беларускія мастакіАрхитектура Беларуси BELARUS.BYА. Каханоўскі. Культура Беларусі ўсярэдзіне XVII—XVIII ст.Анталогія беларускай народнай песні, гуказапісы спеваўБеларускія Музычныя IнструментыБеларускі рок, які мы страцілі. Топ-10 гуртоў«Мясцовы час» — нязгаслая легенда беларускай рок-музыкіСЯРГЕЙ БУДКІН. МЫ НЯ ЗНАЕМ СВАЁЙ МУЗЫКІМ. А. Каладзінскі. НАРОДНЫ ТЭАТРМагнацкія культурныя цэнтрыПублічная дыскусія «Беларуская новая пьеса: без беларускай мовы ці беларуская?»Беларускія драматургі па-ранейшаму лепш ставяцца за мяжой, чым на радзіме«Працэс незалежнага кіно пайшоў, і дзяржаву турбуе яго непадкантрольнасць»Беларускія філосафы ў пошуках прасторыВсе идём в библиотекуАрхіваванаАб Нацыянальнай праграме даследавання і выкарыстання касмічнай прасторы ў мірных мэтах на 2008—2012 гадыУ космас — разам.У суседнім з Барысаўскім раёне пабудуюць Камандна-вымяральны пунктСвяты і абрады беларусаў«Мірныя бульбашы з малой краіны» — 5 непраўдзівых стэрэатыпаў пра БеларусьМ. Раманюк. Беларускае народнае адзеннеУ Беларусі скарачаецца колькасць злачынстваўЛукашэнка незадаволены мінскімі ўладамі Крадзяжы складаюць у Мінску каля 70% злачынстваў Узровень злачыннасці ў Мінскай вобласці — адзін з самых высокіх у краіне Генпракуратура аналізуе стан са злачыннасцю ў Беларусі па каэфіцыенце злачыннасці У Беларусі стабілізавалася крымінагеннае становішча, лічыць генпракурорЗамежнікі сталі здзяйсняць у Беларусі больш злачынстваўМУС Беларусі турбуе рост рэцыдыўнай злачыннасціЯ з ЖЭСа. Дазволіце вас абкрасці! Рэйтынг усіх службаў і падраздзяленняў ГУУС Мінгарвыканкама вырасАб КДБ РБГісторыя Аператыўна-аналітычнага цэнтра РБГісторыя ДКФРТаможняagentura.ruБеларусьBelarus.by — Афіцыйны сайт Рэспублікі БеларусьСайт урада БеларусіRadzima.org — Збор архітэктурных помнікаў, гісторыя Беларусі«Глобус Беларуси»Гербы и флаги БеларусиАсаблівасці каменнага веку на БеларусіА. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Старажытны каменны век (палеаліт). Першапачатковае засяленне тэрыторыіУ. Ксяндзоў. Сярэдні каменны век (мезаліт). Засяленне краю плямёнамі паляўнічых, рыбакоў і збіральнікаўА. Калечыц, М. Чарняўскі. Плямёны на тэрыторыі Беларусі ў новым каменным веку (неаліце)А. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў, М. Чарняўскі. Гаспадарчыя заняткі ў каменным векуЭ. Зайкоўскі. Духоўная культура ў каменным векуАсаблівасці бронзавага веку на БеларусіФарміраванне супольнасцей ранняга перыяду бронзавага векуФотографии БеларусиРоля беларускіх зямель ва ўтварэнні і ўмацаванні ВКЛВ. Фадзеева. З гісторыі развіцця беларускай народнай вышыўкіDMOZGran catalanaБольшая российскаяBritannica (анлайн)Швейцарскі гістарычны15325917611952699xDA123282154079143-90000 0001 2171 2080n9112870100577502ge128882171858027501086026362074122714179пппппп

ValueError: Expected n_neighbors <= n_samples, but n_samples = 1, n_neighbors = 6 (SMOTE) The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InCan SMOTE be applied over sequence of words (sentences)?ValueError when doing validation with random forestsSMOTE and multi class oversamplingLogic behind SMOTE-NC?ValueError: Error when checking target: expected dense_1 to have shape (7,) but got array with shape (1,)SmoteBoost: Should SMOTE be ran individually for each iteration/tree in the boosting?solving multi-class imbalance classification using smote and OSSUsing SMOTE for Synthetic Data generation to improve performance on unbalanced dataproblem of entry format for a simple model in KerasSVM SMOTE fit_resample() function runs forever with no result