Training the parameters of a Restricted Boltzman machine The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InWhy a restricted Boltzman machine (RBM) tends to learn very similar weights?Regression problem - too complex for gradient descentUnderstanding a simple example of Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)Why training a Restricted Boltzmann Machine corresponds to having a good reconstruction of training data?understanding batch normalizationBackpropagation - softmax derivativeQuestions about Neural Network training (back propagation) in the book PRML (Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning)What does the one function $mathbf1_i,y^(t)$ exactly mean in backward propagation of RNN in the book “Deep learning” of BengioNewbie question on restricted boltzmann machineUnderstanding general approach to updating optimization function parameters

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Training the parameters of a Restricted Boltzman machine



The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InWhy a restricted Boltzman machine (RBM) tends to learn very similar weights?Regression problem - too complex for gradient descentUnderstanding a simple example of Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)Why training a Restricted Boltzmann Machine corresponds to having a good reconstruction of training data?understanding batch normalizationBackpropagation - softmax derivativeQuestions about Neural Network training (back propagation) in the book PRML (Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning)What does the one function $mathbf1_i,y^(t)$ exactly mean in backward propagation of RNN in the book “Deep learning” of BengioNewbie question on restricted boltzmann machineUnderstanding general approach to updating optimization function parameters










4












$begingroup$


Why are the parameters of a Restricted Boltzmann machine trained for a fixed number of iterations (epochs) in many papers instead of choosing the ones corresponding to a stationary point of the likelihood?



Denote the observable data by $x$, hidden data by $h$, the energy function by $E$ and the normalizing constant by $Z$. The probability of $x$ is:
beginequation
P(x) = sum_h P(x,h) = sum_h frace^-E(x,h)Z.
endequation
The goal is to maximize the probability of $x$ conditional on the parameters of the model $theta$. Suppose one has access to a sample of $N$ observations of $x$ with typical element $x_i$. As estimator, one could find the roots of the derivative of the average sample log-likelihood:
beginequation
leftlbrace hattheta in hatTheta : N^-1 sum_x_i fracpartial log p(x_i) partial theta = 0 rightrbrace
endequation
and chose the one $theta^star in hatTheta $ maximizing the empirical likelihood. There exists many different ways to approximate the derivative of the log-likelihood to facilitate (maybe even permit) its computation. For example, Contrastive Divergence and Persistent Contrastive Divergence are used often. I wonder whether it makes sense to estimate the parameters $theta$ recursively until convergence while continuing to approximate the derivative of the log-likelihood. One could update the parameters after seeing each data point $x_i$ as:
beginequation
theta_i+1 = theta_i - eta_i fracpartial log p(x_i)partial theta_i
endequation
The practice I learned in Hinton et al. (2006) and in Tieleman (2008) is different though: Both papers define a number of fixed iterations a priori. Could somebody kindly educate me why recursively updating the parameters until convergence is not a good idea? In particular, I'm interested whether there's a theoretical flaw in my reasoning or whether computational capacities dictate sticking to a fixed number of iterations. I am grateful for any help!










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    4












    $begingroup$


    Why are the parameters of a Restricted Boltzmann machine trained for a fixed number of iterations (epochs) in many papers instead of choosing the ones corresponding to a stationary point of the likelihood?



    Denote the observable data by $x$, hidden data by $h$, the energy function by $E$ and the normalizing constant by $Z$. The probability of $x$ is:
    beginequation
    P(x) = sum_h P(x,h) = sum_h frace^-E(x,h)Z.
    endequation
    The goal is to maximize the probability of $x$ conditional on the parameters of the model $theta$. Suppose one has access to a sample of $N$ observations of $x$ with typical element $x_i$. As estimator, one could find the roots of the derivative of the average sample log-likelihood:
    beginequation
    leftlbrace hattheta in hatTheta : N^-1 sum_x_i fracpartial log p(x_i) partial theta = 0 rightrbrace
    endequation
    and chose the one $theta^star in hatTheta $ maximizing the empirical likelihood. There exists many different ways to approximate the derivative of the log-likelihood to facilitate (maybe even permit) its computation. For example, Contrastive Divergence and Persistent Contrastive Divergence are used often. I wonder whether it makes sense to estimate the parameters $theta$ recursively until convergence while continuing to approximate the derivative of the log-likelihood. One could update the parameters after seeing each data point $x_i$ as:
    beginequation
    theta_i+1 = theta_i - eta_i fracpartial log p(x_i)partial theta_i
    endequation
    The practice I learned in Hinton et al. (2006) and in Tieleman (2008) is different though: Both papers define a number of fixed iterations a priori. Could somebody kindly educate me why recursively updating the parameters until convergence is not a good idea? In particular, I'm interested whether there's a theoretical flaw in my reasoning or whether computational capacities dictate sticking to a fixed number of iterations. I am grateful for any help!










    share|improve this question











    $endgroup$




    bumped to the homepage by Community 2 mins ago


    This question has answers that may be good or bad; the system has marked it active so that they can be reviewed.

















      4












      4








      4


      1



      $begingroup$


      Why are the parameters of a Restricted Boltzmann machine trained for a fixed number of iterations (epochs) in many papers instead of choosing the ones corresponding to a stationary point of the likelihood?



      Denote the observable data by $x$, hidden data by $h$, the energy function by $E$ and the normalizing constant by $Z$. The probability of $x$ is:
      beginequation
      P(x) = sum_h P(x,h) = sum_h frace^-E(x,h)Z.
      endequation
      The goal is to maximize the probability of $x$ conditional on the parameters of the model $theta$. Suppose one has access to a sample of $N$ observations of $x$ with typical element $x_i$. As estimator, one could find the roots of the derivative of the average sample log-likelihood:
      beginequation
      leftlbrace hattheta in hatTheta : N^-1 sum_x_i fracpartial log p(x_i) partial theta = 0 rightrbrace
      endequation
      and chose the one $theta^star in hatTheta $ maximizing the empirical likelihood. There exists many different ways to approximate the derivative of the log-likelihood to facilitate (maybe even permit) its computation. For example, Contrastive Divergence and Persistent Contrastive Divergence are used often. I wonder whether it makes sense to estimate the parameters $theta$ recursively until convergence while continuing to approximate the derivative of the log-likelihood. One could update the parameters after seeing each data point $x_i$ as:
      beginequation
      theta_i+1 = theta_i - eta_i fracpartial log p(x_i)partial theta_i
      endequation
      The practice I learned in Hinton et al. (2006) and in Tieleman (2008) is different though: Both papers define a number of fixed iterations a priori. Could somebody kindly educate me why recursively updating the parameters until convergence is not a good idea? In particular, I'm interested whether there's a theoretical flaw in my reasoning or whether computational capacities dictate sticking to a fixed number of iterations. I am grateful for any help!










      share|improve this question











      $endgroup$




      Why are the parameters of a Restricted Boltzmann machine trained for a fixed number of iterations (epochs) in many papers instead of choosing the ones corresponding to a stationary point of the likelihood?



      Denote the observable data by $x$, hidden data by $h$, the energy function by $E$ and the normalizing constant by $Z$. The probability of $x$ is:
      beginequation
      P(x) = sum_h P(x,h) = sum_h frace^-E(x,h)Z.
      endequation
      The goal is to maximize the probability of $x$ conditional on the parameters of the model $theta$. Suppose one has access to a sample of $N$ observations of $x$ with typical element $x_i$. As estimator, one could find the roots of the derivative of the average sample log-likelihood:
      beginequation
      leftlbrace hattheta in hatTheta : N^-1 sum_x_i fracpartial log p(x_i) partial theta = 0 rightrbrace
      endequation
      and chose the one $theta^star in hatTheta $ maximizing the empirical likelihood. There exists many different ways to approximate the derivative of the log-likelihood to facilitate (maybe even permit) its computation. For example, Contrastive Divergence and Persistent Contrastive Divergence are used often. I wonder whether it makes sense to estimate the parameters $theta$ recursively until convergence while continuing to approximate the derivative of the log-likelihood. One could update the parameters after seeing each data point $x_i$ as:
      beginequation
      theta_i+1 = theta_i - eta_i fracpartial log p(x_i)partial theta_i
      endequation
      The practice I learned in Hinton et al. (2006) and in Tieleman (2008) is different though: Both papers define a number of fixed iterations a priori. Could somebody kindly educate me why recursively updating the parameters until convergence is not a good idea? In particular, I'm interested whether there's a theoretical flaw in my reasoning or whether computational capacities dictate sticking to a fixed number of iterations. I am grateful for any help!







      neural-network optimization rbm






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      edited Apr 5 '16 at 8:31







      fabian

















      asked Apr 5 '16 at 6:52









      fabianfabian

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      1765





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          $begingroup$

          I believe the problem is that log-likelihood is not directly computable, because of exponential in number of units complexity. There exist different proxies to the true log-likelihood, for instance pseudo log-likelihood (more here), and in principle you can train RBM until PLL is not changed too much.



          Hovewer, there is a lot of randomness involved in the training process, so PLL most likely will be quite noisy (even true log-likelihood would be I believe).






          share|improve this answer











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            $begingroup$

            I believe the problem is that log-likelihood is not directly computable, because of exponential in number of units complexity. There exist different proxies to the true log-likelihood, for instance pseudo log-likelihood (more here), and in principle you can train RBM until PLL is not changed too much.



            Hovewer, there is a lot of randomness involved in the training process, so PLL most likely will be quite noisy (even true log-likelihood would be I believe).






            share|improve this answer











            $endgroup$

















              0












              $begingroup$

              I believe the problem is that log-likelihood is not directly computable, because of exponential in number of units complexity. There exist different proxies to the true log-likelihood, for instance pseudo log-likelihood (more here), and in principle you can train RBM until PLL is not changed too much.



              Hovewer, there is a lot of randomness involved in the training process, so PLL most likely will be quite noisy (even true log-likelihood would be I believe).






              share|improve this answer











              $endgroup$















                0












                0








                0





                $begingroup$

                I believe the problem is that log-likelihood is not directly computable, because of exponential in number of units complexity. There exist different proxies to the true log-likelihood, for instance pseudo log-likelihood (more here), and in principle you can train RBM until PLL is not changed too much.



                Hovewer, there is a lot of randomness involved in the training process, so PLL most likely will be quite noisy (even true log-likelihood would be I believe).






                share|improve this answer











                $endgroup$



                I believe the problem is that log-likelihood is not directly computable, because of exponential in number of units complexity. There exist different proxies to the true log-likelihood, for instance pseudo log-likelihood (more here), and in principle you can train RBM until PLL is not changed too much.



                Hovewer, there is a lot of randomness involved in the training process, so PLL most likely will be quite noisy (even true log-likelihood would be I believe).







                share|improve this answer














                share|improve this answer



                share|improve this answer








                edited Sep 17 '17 at 19:54

























                answered Sep 17 '17 at 19:29









                yellyell

                665




                665



























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                    ValueError: Expected n_neighbors <= n_samples, but n_samples = 1, n_neighbors = 6 (SMOTE) The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InCan SMOTE be applied over sequence of words (sentences)?ValueError when doing validation with random forestsSMOTE and multi class oversamplingLogic behind SMOTE-NC?ValueError: Error when checking target: expected dense_1 to have shape (7,) but got array with shape (1,)SmoteBoost: Should SMOTE be ran individually for each iteration/tree in the boosting?solving multi-class imbalance classification using smote and OSSUsing SMOTE for Synthetic Data generation to improve performance on unbalanced dataproblem of entry format for a simple model in KerasSVM SMOTE fit_resample() function runs forever with no result