Moving brute-force search to FPGAfpga internal metastabilityVHDL Fpga debouncingPattern Recogniser on FPGATransmitting HDMI/DVI over an FPGA with no support for TMDSFPGA Test Equipmentfpga clock muxingswapping char VHDL FPGAFPGA input synchronisationReverse Search NTEBrute-force convolution reverb in FPGA

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Moving brute-force search to FPGA


fpga internal metastabilityVHDL Fpga debouncingPattern Recogniser on FPGATransmitting HDMI/DVI over an FPGA with no support for TMDSFPGA Test Equipmentfpga clock muxingswapping char VHDL FPGAFPGA input synchronisationReverse Search NTEBrute-force convolution reverb in FPGA













2












$begingroup$


I am currently working on a scientific hobby project about computing the error detection capabilities of CRCs. Unfortunately the C++ code used for such computations has up to years of run time on normal x64 CPUs, even on multi core systems. Also the power consumption of such systems is a pain.



It came to my mind that the common way of x64 brute-force-searching isn't the best. I would like to move the algorithm to an FPGA. Alas I have worked very little with FPGAs and I lost the minimal knowledge after working in C/C++ software engineering for decades. So I need a little help about the feasibility of my idea before burying myself into the technology.



The algorithm I want to run in hardware is a specialized ~1000 line C++ code that could easily be ported to C. No floating point operations. No standard libraries required. High frequent loops. Lots of basic 64 bit integer arithmetic. Even more binary operations (shift, or, xor, bit-counting, etc.) and some array operations. A few kB of RAM and ROM should be sufficient. No peripherals required. Very few memory allocations are used that could be removed by adapting the code. The computation results can be easily filtered internally so a serial interface should be enough to pass the results to a PC.



I would like to compile the C++ or C code into VHDL code and let it run on a FPGA as fast as possible. Also, since this is a hobby project, the FPGA (including software and a developer board) should be affordable.



My questions:



  • Can I expect a significant speedup? By which order of magnitude?

  • Is there a C/C++ compiler suited for the purpose?

  • Which FPGAs are suitable?









share|improve this question









New contributor




Silicomancer is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$











  • $begingroup$
    Ultimately running an algorithm in an FPGA instead of software can be faster but it really depends on the algorithm details. Essentially you will gain speed if you can parallelize or pipeline the data flow. If 64 simple operations need to be applied to a single point before it can be fully processed, the FPGA can pipeline them so that a new result comes out every clock cycle. But I don't know if your algorithm is like that.
    $endgroup$
    – mkeith
    6 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    Almost the entire algorithm can be highly parallelized. The algorithm processes a single dataword. For a 32 bit CRC there are ~2^30 datawords á 32 bit that can easily be processed independently (except final comparing/filtering of the results that needs to be serialized).
    $endgroup$
    – Silicomancer
    6 hours ago











  • $begingroup$
    Have you considered using GPU acceleration for this? Implementation will be a lot simpler, as well as less expensive.
    $endgroup$
    – duskwuff
    5 hours ago















2












$begingroup$


I am currently working on a scientific hobby project about computing the error detection capabilities of CRCs. Unfortunately the C++ code used for such computations has up to years of run time on normal x64 CPUs, even on multi core systems. Also the power consumption of such systems is a pain.



It came to my mind that the common way of x64 brute-force-searching isn't the best. I would like to move the algorithm to an FPGA. Alas I have worked very little with FPGAs and I lost the minimal knowledge after working in C/C++ software engineering for decades. So I need a little help about the feasibility of my idea before burying myself into the technology.



The algorithm I want to run in hardware is a specialized ~1000 line C++ code that could easily be ported to C. No floating point operations. No standard libraries required. High frequent loops. Lots of basic 64 bit integer arithmetic. Even more binary operations (shift, or, xor, bit-counting, etc.) and some array operations. A few kB of RAM and ROM should be sufficient. No peripherals required. Very few memory allocations are used that could be removed by adapting the code. The computation results can be easily filtered internally so a serial interface should be enough to pass the results to a PC.



I would like to compile the C++ or C code into VHDL code and let it run on a FPGA as fast as possible. Also, since this is a hobby project, the FPGA (including software and a developer board) should be affordable.



My questions:



  • Can I expect a significant speedup? By which order of magnitude?

  • Is there a C/C++ compiler suited for the purpose?

  • Which FPGAs are suitable?









share|improve this question









New contributor




Silicomancer is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$











  • $begingroup$
    Ultimately running an algorithm in an FPGA instead of software can be faster but it really depends on the algorithm details. Essentially you will gain speed if you can parallelize or pipeline the data flow. If 64 simple operations need to be applied to a single point before it can be fully processed, the FPGA can pipeline them so that a new result comes out every clock cycle. But I don't know if your algorithm is like that.
    $endgroup$
    – mkeith
    6 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    Almost the entire algorithm can be highly parallelized. The algorithm processes a single dataword. For a 32 bit CRC there are ~2^30 datawords á 32 bit that can easily be processed independently (except final comparing/filtering of the results that needs to be serialized).
    $endgroup$
    – Silicomancer
    6 hours ago











  • $begingroup$
    Have you considered using GPU acceleration for this? Implementation will be a lot simpler, as well as less expensive.
    $endgroup$
    – duskwuff
    5 hours ago













2












2








2





$begingroup$


I am currently working on a scientific hobby project about computing the error detection capabilities of CRCs. Unfortunately the C++ code used for such computations has up to years of run time on normal x64 CPUs, even on multi core systems. Also the power consumption of such systems is a pain.



It came to my mind that the common way of x64 brute-force-searching isn't the best. I would like to move the algorithm to an FPGA. Alas I have worked very little with FPGAs and I lost the minimal knowledge after working in C/C++ software engineering for decades. So I need a little help about the feasibility of my idea before burying myself into the technology.



The algorithm I want to run in hardware is a specialized ~1000 line C++ code that could easily be ported to C. No floating point operations. No standard libraries required. High frequent loops. Lots of basic 64 bit integer arithmetic. Even more binary operations (shift, or, xor, bit-counting, etc.) and some array operations. A few kB of RAM and ROM should be sufficient. No peripherals required. Very few memory allocations are used that could be removed by adapting the code. The computation results can be easily filtered internally so a serial interface should be enough to pass the results to a PC.



I would like to compile the C++ or C code into VHDL code and let it run on a FPGA as fast as possible. Also, since this is a hobby project, the FPGA (including software and a developer board) should be affordable.



My questions:



  • Can I expect a significant speedup? By which order of magnitude?

  • Is there a C/C++ compiler suited for the purpose?

  • Which FPGAs are suitable?









share|improve this question









New contributor




Silicomancer is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$




I am currently working on a scientific hobby project about computing the error detection capabilities of CRCs. Unfortunately the C++ code used for such computations has up to years of run time on normal x64 CPUs, even on multi core systems. Also the power consumption of such systems is a pain.



It came to my mind that the common way of x64 brute-force-searching isn't the best. I would like to move the algorithm to an FPGA. Alas I have worked very little with FPGAs and I lost the minimal knowledge after working in C/C++ software engineering for decades. So I need a little help about the feasibility of my idea before burying myself into the technology.



The algorithm I want to run in hardware is a specialized ~1000 line C++ code that could easily be ported to C. No floating point operations. No standard libraries required. High frequent loops. Lots of basic 64 bit integer arithmetic. Even more binary operations (shift, or, xor, bit-counting, etc.) and some array operations. A few kB of RAM and ROM should be sufficient. No peripherals required. Very few memory allocations are used that could be removed by adapting the code. The computation results can be easily filtered internally so a serial interface should be enough to pass the results to a PC.



I would like to compile the C++ or C code into VHDL code and let it run on a FPGA as fast as possible. Also, since this is a hobby project, the FPGA (including software and a developer board) should be affordable.



My questions:



  • Can I expect a significant speedup? By which order of magnitude?

  • Is there a C/C++ compiler suited for the purpose?

  • Which FPGAs are suitable?






fpga vhdl component-selection compiler






share|improve this question









New contributor




Silicomancer is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











share|improve this question









New contributor




Silicomancer is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited 6 hours ago







Silicomancer













New contributor




Silicomancer is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









asked 6 hours ago









SilicomancerSilicomancer

1114




1114




New contributor




Silicomancer is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.





New contributor





Silicomancer is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






Silicomancer is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











  • $begingroup$
    Ultimately running an algorithm in an FPGA instead of software can be faster but it really depends on the algorithm details. Essentially you will gain speed if you can parallelize or pipeline the data flow. If 64 simple operations need to be applied to a single point before it can be fully processed, the FPGA can pipeline them so that a new result comes out every clock cycle. But I don't know if your algorithm is like that.
    $endgroup$
    – mkeith
    6 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    Almost the entire algorithm can be highly parallelized. The algorithm processes a single dataword. For a 32 bit CRC there are ~2^30 datawords á 32 bit that can easily be processed independently (except final comparing/filtering of the results that needs to be serialized).
    $endgroup$
    – Silicomancer
    6 hours ago











  • $begingroup$
    Have you considered using GPU acceleration for this? Implementation will be a lot simpler, as well as less expensive.
    $endgroup$
    – duskwuff
    5 hours ago
















  • $begingroup$
    Ultimately running an algorithm in an FPGA instead of software can be faster but it really depends on the algorithm details. Essentially you will gain speed if you can parallelize or pipeline the data flow. If 64 simple operations need to be applied to a single point before it can be fully processed, the FPGA can pipeline them so that a new result comes out every clock cycle. But I don't know if your algorithm is like that.
    $endgroup$
    – mkeith
    6 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    Almost the entire algorithm can be highly parallelized. The algorithm processes a single dataword. For a 32 bit CRC there are ~2^30 datawords á 32 bit that can easily be processed independently (except final comparing/filtering of the results that needs to be serialized).
    $endgroup$
    – Silicomancer
    6 hours ago











  • $begingroup$
    Have you considered using GPU acceleration for this? Implementation will be a lot simpler, as well as less expensive.
    $endgroup$
    – duskwuff
    5 hours ago















$begingroup$
Ultimately running an algorithm in an FPGA instead of software can be faster but it really depends on the algorithm details. Essentially you will gain speed if you can parallelize or pipeline the data flow. If 64 simple operations need to be applied to a single point before it can be fully processed, the FPGA can pipeline them so that a new result comes out every clock cycle. But I don't know if your algorithm is like that.
$endgroup$
– mkeith
6 hours ago




$begingroup$
Ultimately running an algorithm in an FPGA instead of software can be faster but it really depends on the algorithm details. Essentially you will gain speed if you can parallelize or pipeline the data flow. If 64 simple operations need to be applied to a single point before it can be fully processed, the FPGA can pipeline them so that a new result comes out every clock cycle. But I don't know if your algorithm is like that.
$endgroup$
– mkeith
6 hours ago












$begingroup$
Almost the entire algorithm can be highly parallelized. The algorithm processes a single dataword. For a 32 bit CRC there are ~2^30 datawords á 32 bit that can easily be processed independently (except final comparing/filtering of the results that needs to be serialized).
$endgroup$
– Silicomancer
6 hours ago





$begingroup$
Almost the entire algorithm can be highly parallelized. The algorithm processes a single dataword. For a 32 bit CRC there are ~2^30 datawords á 32 bit that can easily be processed independently (except final comparing/filtering of the results that needs to be serialized).
$endgroup$
– Silicomancer
6 hours ago













$begingroup$
Have you considered using GPU acceleration for this? Implementation will be a lot simpler, as well as less expensive.
$endgroup$
– duskwuff
5 hours ago




$begingroup$
Have you considered using GPU acceleration for this? Implementation will be a lot simpler, as well as less expensive.
$endgroup$
– duskwuff
5 hours ago










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















3












$begingroup$


Can I expect a significant speedup? By which order of magnitude?




Sure, by quite a lot. CRCs can be computed on data a byte a a time using a straightforward table lookup. A moderate-sized FPGA (say, a Xilinx XC6SLX75) will have a hundred or more blocks of internal dual-port RAM that allow 200 data streams to be processed in parallel at a rate of one byte per clock cycle, where the clock could be 200 MHz or more. That's a throughput of at least 40 GB/s. How fast is your "x64" CPU?




Is there a C/C++ compiler suited for the purpose?




Not really. If you want to get the most out of your FPGA, you'll want to use an HDL to define the hardware datapath directly. Implementations derived from programming languages are possible, but the performance ranges from lousy to useless.




Which FPGAs are suitable?




That's bordering on a product recommendation, which would be off-topic for this site, but look at the midrange offerings from Xilinx (such as the Spartan-6 series) or Intel (formerly Altera, such as their Cyclone IV series). Inexpensive development boards for these families are readily available from places like Digilent.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    A table lookup is really not the best way to do it on an FPGA because it only works for small inputs. Since CRC is just a bunch of XOR gates, what you can do is run a wide data bus (and get a really high data rate) and then do an unrolled parallel CRC. You can relatively easily do a CRC 32 over data 64 bits at a time at 400 MHz, which gives you 25 Gbps, then drop a bunch of instances on the FPGA to run in parallel.
    $endgroup$
    – alex.forencich
    1 hour ago










Your Answer





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1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









3












$begingroup$


Can I expect a significant speedup? By which order of magnitude?




Sure, by quite a lot. CRCs can be computed on data a byte a a time using a straightforward table lookup. A moderate-sized FPGA (say, a Xilinx XC6SLX75) will have a hundred or more blocks of internal dual-port RAM that allow 200 data streams to be processed in parallel at a rate of one byte per clock cycle, where the clock could be 200 MHz or more. That's a throughput of at least 40 GB/s. How fast is your "x64" CPU?




Is there a C/C++ compiler suited for the purpose?




Not really. If you want to get the most out of your FPGA, you'll want to use an HDL to define the hardware datapath directly. Implementations derived from programming languages are possible, but the performance ranges from lousy to useless.




Which FPGAs are suitable?




That's bordering on a product recommendation, which would be off-topic for this site, but look at the midrange offerings from Xilinx (such as the Spartan-6 series) or Intel (formerly Altera, such as their Cyclone IV series). Inexpensive development boards for these families are readily available from places like Digilent.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    A table lookup is really not the best way to do it on an FPGA because it only works for small inputs. Since CRC is just a bunch of XOR gates, what you can do is run a wide data bus (and get a really high data rate) and then do an unrolled parallel CRC. You can relatively easily do a CRC 32 over data 64 bits at a time at 400 MHz, which gives you 25 Gbps, then drop a bunch of instances on the FPGA to run in parallel.
    $endgroup$
    – alex.forencich
    1 hour ago















3












$begingroup$


Can I expect a significant speedup? By which order of magnitude?




Sure, by quite a lot. CRCs can be computed on data a byte a a time using a straightforward table lookup. A moderate-sized FPGA (say, a Xilinx XC6SLX75) will have a hundred or more blocks of internal dual-port RAM that allow 200 data streams to be processed in parallel at a rate of one byte per clock cycle, where the clock could be 200 MHz or more. That's a throughput of at least 40 GB/s. How fast is your "x64" CPU?




Is there a C/C++ compiler suited for the purpose?




Not really. If you want to get the most out of your FPGA, you'll want to use an HDL to define the hardware datapath directly. Implementations derived from programming languages are possible, but the performance ranges from lousy to useless.




Which FPGAs are suitable?




That's bordering on a product recommendation, which would be off-topic for this site, but look at the midrange offerings from Xilinx (such as the Spartan-6 series) or Intel (formerly Altera, such as their Cyclone IV series). Inexpensive development boards for these families are readily available from places like Digilent.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    A table lookup is really not the best way to do it on an FPGA because it only works for small inputs. Since CRC is just a bunch of XOR gates, what you can do is run a wide data bus (and get a really high data rate) and then do an unrolled parallel CRC. You can relatively easily do a CRC 32 over data 64 bits at a time at 400 MHz, which gives you 25 Gbps, then drop a bunch of instances on the FPGA to run in parallel.
    $endgroup$
    – alex.forencich
    1 hour ago













3












3








3





$begingroup$


Can I expect a significant speedup? By which order of magnitude?




Sure, by quite a lot. CRCs can be computed on data a byte a a time using a straightforward table lookup. A moderate-sized FPGA (say, a Xilinx XC6SLX75) will have a hundred or more blocks of internal dual-port RAM that allow 200 data streams to be processed in parallel at a rate of one byte per clock cycle, where the clock could be 200 MHz or more. That's a throughput of at least 40 GB/s. How fast is your "x64" CPU?




Is there a C/C++ compiler suited for the purpose?




Not really. If you want to get the most out of your FPGA, you'll want to use an HDL to define the hardware datapath directly. Implementations derived from programming languages are possible, but the performance ranges from lousy to useless.




Which FPGAs are suitable?




That's bordering on a product recommendation, which would be off-topic for this site, but look at the midrange offerings from Xilinx (such as the Spartan-6 series) or Intel (formerly Altera, such as their Cyclone IV series). Inexpensive development boards for these families are readily available from places like Digilent.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$




Can I expect a significant speedup? By which order of magnitude?




Sure, by quite a lot. CRCs can be computed on data a byte a a time using a straightforward table lookup. A moderate-sized FPGA (say, a Xilinx XC6SLX75) will have a hundred or more blocks of internal dual-port RAM that allow 200 data streams to be processed in parallel at a rate of one byte per clock cycle, where the clock could be 200 MHz or more. That's a throughput of at least 40 GB/s. How fast is your "x64" CPU?




Is there a C/C++ compiler suited for the purpose?




Not really. If you want to get the most out of your FPGA, you'll want to use an HDL to define the hardware datapath directly. Implementations derived from programming languages are possible, but the performance ranges from lousy to useless.




Which FPGAs are suitable?




That's bordering on a product recommendation, which would be off-topic for this site, but look at the midrange offerings from Xilinx (such as the Spartan-6 series) or Intel (formerly Altera, such as their Cyclone IV series). Inexpensive development boards for these families are readily available from places like Digilent.







share|improve this answer












share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer










answered 5 hours ago









Dave TweedDave Tweed

121k9152263




121k9152263







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    A table lookup is really not the best way to do it on an FPGA because it only works for small inputs. Since CRC is just a bunch of XOR gates, what you can do is run a wide data bus (and get a really high data rate) and then do an unrolled parallel CRC. You can relatively easily do a CRC 32 over data 64 bits at a time at 400 MHz, which gives you 25 Gbps, then drop a bunch of instances on the FPGA to run in parallel.
    $endgroup$
    – alex.forencich
    1 hour ago












  • 1




    $begingroup$
    A table lookup is really not the best way to do it on an FPGA because it only works for small inputs. Since CRC is just a bunch of XOR gates, what you can do is run a wide data bus (and get a really high data rate) and then do an unrolled parallel CRC. You can relatively easily do a CRC 32 over data 64 bits at a time at 400 MHz, which gives you 25 Gbps, then drop a bunch of instances on the FPGA to run in parallel.
    $endgroup$
    – alex.forencich
    1 hour ago







1




1




$begingroup$
A table lookup is really not the best way to do it on an FPGA because it only works for small inputs. Since CRC is just a bunch of XOR gates, what you can do is run a wide data bus (and get a really high data rate) and then do an unrolled parallel CRC. You can relatively easily do a CRC 32 over data 64 bits at a time at 400 MHz, which gives you 25 Gbps, then drop a bunch of instances on the FPGA to run in parallel.
$endgroup$
– alex.forencich
1 hour ago




$begingroup$
A table lookup is really not the best way to do it on an FPGA because it only works for small inputs. Since CRC is just a bunch of XOR gates, what you can do is run a wide data bus (and get a really high data rate) and then do an unrolled parallel CRC. You can relatively easily do a CRC 32 over data 64 bits at a time at 400 MHz, which gives you 25 Gbps, then drop a bunch of instances on the FPGA to run in parallel.
$endgroup$
– alex.forencich
1 hour ago










Silicomancer is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









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Францішак Багушэвіч Змест Сям'я | Біяграфія | Творчасць | Мова Багушэвіча | Ацэнкі дзейнасці | Цікавыя факты | Спадчына | Выбраная бібліяграфія | Ушанаванне памяці | У філатэліі | Зноскі | Літаратура | Спасылкі | НавігацыяЛяхоўскі У. Рупіўся дзеля Бога і людзей: Жыццёвы шлях Лявона Вітан-Дубейкаўскага // Вольскі і Памідораў з песняй пра немца Адвакат, паэт, народны заступнік Ашмянскі веснікВ Минске появится площадь Богушевича и улица Сырокомли, Белорусская деловая газета, 19 июля 2001 г.Айцец беларускай нацыянальнай ідэі паўстаў у бронзе Сяргей Аляксандравіч Адашкевіч (1918, Мінск). 80-я гады. Бюст «Францішак Багушэвіч».Яўген Мікалаевіч Ціхановіч. «Партрэт Францішка Багушэвіча»Мікола Мікалаевіч Купава. «Партрэт зачынальніка новай беларускай літаратуры Францішка Багушэвіча»Уладзімір Іванавіч Мелехаў. На помніку «Змагарам за родную мову» Барэльеф «Францішак Багушэвіч»Памяць пра Багушэвіча на Віленшчыне Страчаная сталіца. Беларускія шыльды на вуліцах Вільні«Krynica». Ideologia i przywódcy białoruskiego katolicyzmuФранцішак БагушэвічТворы на knihi.comТворы Францішка Багушэвіча на bellib.byСодаль Уладзімір. Францішак Багушэвіч на Лідчыне;Луцкевіч Антон. Жыцьцё і творчасьць Фр. Багушэвіча ў успамінах ягоных сучасьнікаў // Запісы Беларускага Навуковага таварыства. Вільня, 1938. Сшытак 1. С. 16-34.Большая российская1188761710000 0000 5537 633Xn9209310021619551927869394п

Беларусь Змест Назва Гісторыя Геаграфія Сімволіка Дзяржаўны лад Палітычныя партыі Міжнароднае становішча і знешняя палітыка Адміністрацыйны падзел Насельніцтва Эканоміка Культура і грамадства Сацыяльная сфера Узброеныя сілы Заўвагі Літаратура Спасылкі НавігацыяHGЯOiТоп-2011 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2013 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2016 г. (па версіі ej.by)Топ-2017 г. (па версіі ej.by)Нацыянальны статыстычны камітэт Рэспублікі БеларусьШчыльнасць насельніцтва па краінахhttp://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/А. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Спробы засялення краю неандэртальскім чалавекам.І ў Менску былі мамантыА. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Старажытны каменны век (палеаліт). Першапачатковае засяленне тэрыторыіГ. Штыхаў. Балты і славяне ў VI—VIII стст.М. Клімаў. Полацкае княства ў IX—XI стст.Г. Штыхаў, В. Ляўко. Палітычная гісторыя Полацкай зямліГ. Штыхаў. Дзяржаўны лад у землях-княствахГ. Штыхаў. Дзяржаўны лад у землях-княствахБеларускія землі ў складзе Вялікага Княства ЛітоўскагаЛюблінская унія 1569 г."The Early Stages of Independence"Zapomniane prawdy25 гадоў таму было аб'яўлена, што Язэп Пілсудскі — беларус (фота)Наша вадаДакументы ЧАЭС: Забруджванне тэрыторыі Беларусі « ЧАЭС Зона адчужэнняСведения о политических партиях, зарегистрированных в Республике Беларусь // Министерство юстиции Республики БеларусьСтатыстычны бюлетэнь „Полаўзроставая структура насельніцтва Рэспублікі Беларусь на 1 студзеня 2012 года і сярэднегадовая колькасць насельніцтва за 2011 год“Индекс человеческого развития Беларуси — не было бы нижеБеларусь занимает первое место в СНГ по индексу развития с учетом гендерного факцёраНацыянальны статыстычны камітэт Рэспублікі БеларусьКанстытуцыя РБ. Артыкул 17Трансфармацыйныя задачы БеларусіВыйсце з крызісу — далейшае рэфармаванне Беларускі рубель — сусветны лідар па дэвальвацыяхПра змену коштаў у кастрычніку 2011 г.Бядней за беларусаў у СНД толькі таджыкіСярэдні заробак у верасні дасягнуў 2,26 мільёна рублёўЭканомікаГаласуем за ТОП-100 беларускай прозыСучасныя беларускія мастакіАрхитектура Беларуси BELARUS.BYА. Каханоўскі. Культура Беларусі ўсярэдзіне XVII—XVIII ст.Анталогія беларускай народнай песні, гуказапісы спеваўБеларускія Музычныя IнструментыБеларускі рок, які мы страцілі. Топ-10 гуртоў«Мясцовы час» — нязгаслая легенда беларускай рок-музыкіСЯРГЕЙ БУДКІН. МЫ НЯ ЗНАЕМ СВАЁЙ МУЗЫКІМ. А. Каладзінскі. НАРОДНЫ ТЭАТРМагнацкія культурныя цэнтрыПублічная дыскусія «Беларуская новая пьеса: без беларускай мовы ці беларуская?»Беларускія драматургі па-ранейшаму лепш ставяцца за мяжой, чым на радзіме«Працэс незалежнага кіно пайшоў, і дзяржаву турбуе яго непадкантрольнасць»Беларускія філосафы ў пошуках прасторыВсе идём в библиотекуАрхіваванаАб Нацыянальнай праграме даследавання і выкарыстання касмічнай прасторы ў мірных мэтах на 2008—2012 гадыУ космас — разам.У суседнім з Барысаўскім раёне пабудуюць Камандна-вымяральны пунктСвяты і абрады беларусаў«Мірныя бульбашы з малой краіны» — 5 непраўдзівых стэрэатыпаў пра БеларусьМ. Раманюк. Беларускае народнае адзеннеУ Беларусі скарачаецца колькасць злачынстваўЛукашэнка незадаволены мінскімі ўладамі Крадзяжы складаюць у Мінску каля 70% злачынстваў Узровень злачыннасці ў Мінскай вобласці — адзін з самых высокіх у краіне Генпракуратура аналізуе стан са злачыннасцю ў Беларусі па каэфіцыенце злачыннасці У Беларусі стабілізавалася крымінагеннае становішча, лічыць генпракурорЗамежнікі сталі здзяйсняць у Беларусі больш злачынстваўМУС Беларусі турбуе рост рэцыдыўнай злачыннасціЯ з ЖЭСа. Дазволіце вас абкрасці! Рэйтынг усіх службаў і падраздзяленняў ГУУС Мінгарвыканкама вырасАб КДБ РБГісторыя Аператыўна-аналітычнага цэнтра РБГісторыя ДКФРТаможняagentura.ruБеларусьBelarus.by — Афіцыйны сайт Рэспублікі БеларусьСайт урада БеларусіRadzima.org — Збор архітэктурных помнікаў, гісторыя Беларусі«Глобус Беларуси»Гербы и флаги БеларусиАсаблівасці каменнага веку на БеларусіА. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў. Старажытны каменны век (палеаліт). Першапачатковае засяленне тэрыторыіУ. Ксяндзоў. Сярэдні каменны век (мезаліт). Засяленне краю плямёнамі паляўнічых, рыбакоў і збіральнікаўА. Калечыц, М. Чарняўскі. Плямёны на тэрыторыі Беларусі ў новым каменным веку (неаліце)А. Калечыц, У. Ксяндзоў, М. Чарняўскі. Гаспадарчыя заняткі ў каменным векуЭ. Зайкоўскі. Духоўная культура ў каменным векуАсаблівасці бронзавага веку на БеларусіФарміраванне супольнасцей ранняга перыяду бронзавага векуФотографии БеларусиРоля беларускіх зямель ва ўтварэнні і ўмацаванні ВКЛВ. Фадзеева. З гісторыі развіцця беларускай народнай вышыўкіDMOZGran catalanaБольшая российскаяBritannica (анлайн)Швейцарскі гістарычны15325917611952699xDA123282154079143-90000 0001 2171 2080n9112870100577502ge128882171858027501086026362074122714179пппппп

ValueError: Expected n_neighbors <= n_samples, but n_samples = 1, n_neighbors = 6 (SMOTE) The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InCan SMOTE be applied over sequence of words (sentences)?ValueError when doing validation with random forestsSMOTE and multi class oversamplingLogic behind SMOTE-NC?ValueError: Error when checking target: expected dense_1 to have shape (7,) but got array with shape (1,)SmoteBoost: Should SMOTE be ran individually for each iteration/tree in the boosting?solving multi-class imbalance classification using smote and OSSUsing SMOTE for Synthetic Data generation to improve performance on unbalanced dataproblem of entry format for a simple model in KerasSVM SMOTE fit_resample() function runs forever with no result